mortality: extended follow-up of the Harvard six cities
study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:667–672
30. Library of Congress (1974) A Legislative History of
the Clean Air Amendments of 1970, vol 1; Serial
Number 93–18: Environmental Policy Decision, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress,
Washington, DC
31. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJL (eds) (2006) Global burden of disease and risk
factors. Oxford University Press, New York
32. Martin R, Symington L (1968) A guide to the Air
Quality Act of 1967. Law Contemp Probl 33:239–245
33. Martineau R, Novello D (2004) The clean air act
handbook, 2nd edn. American Bar Association,
Chicago
34. McClellan RO (1997) Use of mechanistic data in
assessing human risks of exposure to par. Env Health
Persp 105(5):1363–1372
35. McClellan RO (1999) Human health risk assessment:
a historical overview and alternative paths forward.
Inhal Toxicol 11:477–518
36. McClellan RO (1999) Ambient airborne particulate
matter: toxicology and standards. In: Gardner DE,
McClellan RO, Crapo JD (eds) Toxicology of the
lung, 3rd edn. Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC,
p 289
37. McClellan RO (1999) Developing risk assessments for
airborne materials. In: Gardner DE, McClellan RO,
Crapo JD (eds) Toxicology of the lung, 3rd edn. Taylor
and Francis, Washington, DC, p 599
38. McClellan RO (1999) Health risk assessments and
regulatory considerations for air pollutants. In: Swift
DL, Foster WM (eds) Air pollutants and the respiratory tract. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 89–338
39. McClellan RO (2002) Setting ambient air quality standards
for particulate matter. Toxicology 181–182:329–347
40. McClellan RO (2010) Hazard and risk: assessment
and management, chapter 4. In: Ayres JG, Harrison
RM, Maynard R, Nichols GL (eds) Textbook of environmental medicine. Hodder Education, London,
pp 59–88
41. McClellan RO (2011) Role of science and judgment in
setting National Ambient Air Quality Standards: how
low is low enough?” Air Qual Atmos Health
J (Published on-line, June 1, 2011)
42. McClellan RO, Jackson TE (1999) Carcinogenic
responses to air pollutants. In: Holgate ST, Samet
JM, Koren HS, Maynard RL (eds) Air pollution and
health. Academic, San Diego, pp 381–413
43. McClellan RO, Frampton MW, Koutrakis P,
McDonnell WF, Moolgavkar S, North DW, Smith
AE, Smith RL, Utell MJ (2009) Critical considerations
in evaluating scientific evidence of health effects of
ambient ozone: a conference report. Inhal Toxicol
21(Suppl 2):1–36
44. McDonnell WF, Kehri HR, Abdul-Salaam S et al
(1991) Respiratory response of humans exposed to
low levels of ozone for 6.6 hours. Arch Environ Health
46:145–150
45. McDonnell WF, Stewart PW, Smith MV (2007) The
temporal dynamics of ozone-induced FEV 1 , changes
in humans: an exposure-response model. Inhal Toxicol
19:483–494
46. New York Times (1997) Clinton sharply tightens air
pollution regulations despite concern over costs. NY
Times, June 26, 1997
47. NRC (National Research Council) (2006) Health risks
for exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. BEIR
VII – phase 2. Authored by Committee to Assess
Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing
Radiation National Research Council
48. NRC (National Research Council) (2008) Estimating
mortality risk reduction and economic benefits from
controlling ozone air pollution. National Academies
Press. http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id¼1
2198&utm_medium¼etmail&utm_source¼National
%20Academies%20Press&utm_campaign¼New+fro
m+NAP+4.29.08-May-7-2008&utm_content¼Down
loader&utm_term¼. Accessed 2 Dec 2011
49. NRDC (1976) Natural Resources Defense Council
v. Train, 411F. Suppl 864 (S.D.N.Y.) aff’d 545F. 2d
320 (2nd Cir., 1976)
50. Özkaynak H (1999) Exposure assessment. In: Halgate
ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard RL (eds) Air
pollution and health. Academic, London/San Diego,
pp 149–162
51. Peacock M (2006) Memorandum from Marcus Peacock, Deputy Administrator to Dr. George Gray and
Bill Wehrun. Process for reviewing the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards. http://www.epa.gov/
ttnnaaqs/pdfs/memo_process_for_reviewing_naaqs.pdf
(accepted 2007). Accessed 7 Dec 2006
52. Pedersen WF (1975) Formal records and informal
rulemaking. Yale Law J 38:38–88
53. Pope CA III, Dockery DW (1999) Epidemiology of
particle effects. In: Holgate ST, Samet JM, Loren HS,
Maynard RL (eds) Air pollution and health. Academic, London, pp 673–705
54. Pope CA III, Burnett RJ, Thun MJ, Calle EE,
Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston CD (2002) Lung cancer,
cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to
fine
particulate
air
pollution.
JAMA
287(9):1132–1141
55. Pruss-Ustun A, Corvalan C (2006) Towards estimation of the environmental burden of disease. World
Health Organization, Copenhagen
56. Rhomberg LR, Goodman JE, Haber LT, Dougson M,
Andersen MT, Klaunig JE, Meek B, Price PS, McClellan CSM (2011) Linear low-dose extrapolation for
non-cancer health effects is the exception, not the
rule. Crit Rev Toxicol 41(1):1–19
57. Schrenk HH, Heimann H, Clayton GD, Gafafer WM,
Wexler H (1948) Air pollution in Donora,
PA. Epidemiology of the unusual smog episode of
October 1948. Public Health Bull 306; U.S. Government Printing Office, Washignton, DC, 1949
58. Smith RL, Baowei X, Switzer P (2009) Reassessing
the relationship between ozone and short-term mortality in U.S. urban communities. Inhal Toxicol
29(S2):37–61
59. Steenland K, Hu S, Walker J (2004) All-cause and
cause-specific mortality by socioeconomic status
44
Air Quality Guidelines and Standards
study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:667–672
30. Library of Congress (1974) A Legislative History of
the Clean Air Amendments of 1970, vol 1; Serial
Number 93–18: Environmental Policy Decision, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress,
Washington, DC
31. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJL (eds) (2006) Global burden of disease and risk
factors. Oxford University Press, New York
32. Martin R, Symington L (1968) A guide to the Air
Quality Act of 1967. Law Contemp Probl 33:239–245
33. Martineau R, Novello D (2004) The clean air act
handbook, 2nd edn. American Bar Association,
Chicago
34. McClellan RO (1997) Use of mechanistic data in
assessing human risks of exposure to par. Env Health
Persp 105(5):1363–1372
35. McClellan RO (1999) Human health risk assessment:
a historical overview and alternative paths forward.
Inhal Toxicol 11:477–518
36. McClellan RO (1999) Ambient airborne particulate
matter: toxicology and standards. In: Gardner DE,
McClellan RO, Crapo JD (eds) Toxicology of the
lung, 3rd edn. Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC,
p 289
37. McClellan RO (1999) Developing risk assessments for
airborne materials. In: Gardner DE, McClellan RO,
Crapo JD (eds) Toxicology of the lung, 3rd edn. Taylor
and Francis, Washington, DC, p 599
38. McClellan RO (1999) Health risk assessments and
regulatory considerations for air pollutants. In: Swift
DL, Foster WM (eds) Air pollutants and the respiratory tract. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 89–338
39. McClellan RO (2002) Setting ambient air quality standards
for particulate matter. Toxicology 181–182:329–347
40. McClellan RO (2010) Hazard and risk: assessment
and management, chapter 4. In: Ayres JG, Harrison
RM, Maynard R, Nichols GL (eds) Textbook of environmental medicine. Hodder Education, London,
pp 59–88
41. McClellan RO (2011) Role of science and judgment in
setting National Ambient Air Quality Standards: how
low is low enough?” Air Qual Atmos Health
J (Published on-line, June 1, 2011)
42. McClellan RO, Jackson TE (1999) Carcinogenic
responses to air pollutants. In: Holgate ST, Samet
JM, Koren HS, Maynard RL (eds) Air pollution and
health. Academic, San Diego, pp 381–413
43. McClellan RO, Frampton MW, Koutrakis P,
McDonnell WF, Moolgavkar S, North DW, Smith
AE, Smith RL, Utell MJ (2009) Critical considerations
in evaluating scientific evidence of health effects of
ambient ozone: a conference report. Inhal Toxicol
21(Suppl 2):1–36
44. McDonnell WF, Kehri HR, Abdul-Salaam S et al
(1991) Respiratory response of humans exposed to
low levels of ozone for 6.6 hours. Arch Environ Health
46:145–150
45. McDonnell WF, Stewart PW, Smith MV (2007) The
temporal dynamics of ozone-induced FEV 1 , changes
in humans: an exposure-response model. Inhal Toxicol
19:483–494
46. New York Times (1997) Clinton sharply tightens air
pollution regulations despite concern over costs. NY
Times, June 26, 1997
47. NRC (National Research Council) (2006) Health risks
for exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. BEIR
VII – phase 2. Authored by Committee to Assess
Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing
Radiation National Research Council
48. NRC (National Research Council) (2008) Estimating
mortality risk reduction and economic benefits from
controlling ozone air pollution. National Academies
Press. http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id¼1
2198&utm_medium¼etmail&utm_source¼National
%20Academies%20Press&utm_campaign¼New+fro
m+NAP+4.29.08-May-7-2008&utm_content¼Down
loader&utm_term¼. Accessed 2 Dec 2011
49. NRDC (1976) Natural Resources Defense Council
v. Train, 411F. Suppl 864 (S.D.N.Y.) aff’d 545F. 2d
320 (2nd Cir., 1976)
50. Özkaynak H (1999) Exposure assessment. In: Halgate
ST, Samet JM, Koren HS, Maynard RL (eds) Air
pollution and health. Academic, London/San Diego,
pp 149–162
51. Peacock M (2006) Memorandum from Marcus Peacock, Deputy Administrator to Dr. George Gray and
Bill Wehrun. Process for reviewing the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards. http://www.epa.gov/
ttnnaaqs/pdfs/memo_process_for_reviewing_naaqs.pdf
(accepted 2007). Accessed 7 Dec 2006
52. Pedersen WF (1975) Formal records and informal
rulemaking. Yale Law J 38:38–88
53. Pope CA III, Dockery DW (1999) Epidemiology of
particle effects. In: Holgate ST, Samet JM, Loren HS,
Maynard RL (eds) Air pollution and health. Academic, London, pp 673–705
54. Pope CA III, Burnett RJ, Thun MJ, Calle EE,
Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston CD (2002) Lung cancer,
cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to
fine
particulate
air
pollution.
JAMA
287(9):1132–1141
55. Pruss-Ustun A, Corvalan C (2006) Towards estimation of the environmental burden of disease. World
Health Organization, Copenhagen
56. Rhomberg LR, Goodman JE, Haber LT, Dougson M,
Andersen MT, Klaunig JE, Meek B, Price PS, McClellan CSM (2011) Linear low-dose extrapolation for
non-cancer health effects is the exception, not the
rule. Crit Rev Toxicol 41(1):1–19
57. Schrenk HH, Heimann H, Clayton GD, Gafafer WM,
Wexler H (1948) Air pollution in Donora,
PA. Epidemiology of the unusual smog episode of
October 1948. Public Health Bull 306; U.S. Government Printing Office, Washignton, DC, 1949
58. Smith RL, Baowei X, Switzer P (2009) Reassessing
the relationship between ozone and short-term mortality in U.S. urban communities. Inhal Toxicol
29(S2):37–61
59. Steenland K, Hu S, Walker J (2004) All-cause and
cause-specific mortality by socioeconomic status
44
Air Quality Guidelines and Standards