Monitoring (cont.)
non-environmental considerations, 403
numerical modeling, 401–402
outstanding problems and challenges, 406–407
overcoming oversimplifications in, 416–417
ozone layer destruction, 395
particulate matter (PM), 390
policy and air pollution standards, 402–403, 405–406
precipitation chemistry monitoring, 399
public involvement, 412
regional problems, 392
research, 396
research questions, 396–398
resilience, 409
satellite observations development, 415–416
satellite remote sensing, 399–401
in situ, 398–399
socio-ecological justice, 409
and sustainability, 388, 407
urban form, 410–411
violations of concentration standards, 404–405
visibility, 393
volatile organic carbon (VOC), 390
Montreal protocol, 373
Mortality, 386
Most penetrating particle size (MPPS), 91, 96, 98, 103, 104
M-Pods, 445
Multiple-regression models, 59
Multiple Threshold Index, 457, 462
Multipollutant monitoring, 386
and science, 414
Multi-walled CNTs, 98, 99
N
Nanofiber packing density, 97
Nanoparticles (NPs), 118
AMS, 126
anthropogenic sources, 87, 88
APM, 115–117
CNTs, 98–104
CPC, 121–122
deposition mechanism, 88
diffusion, 91, 92
electrospun nanofibers, 94–98
electrostatic deposition, 91, 92
engineered, 88
ESPs, 104
fibrous filters, 90
filtration efficiency, 90, 93
impaction, 117–120
industrial activities, 88
inertial impact, 91, 92
interception, 91, 92
laboratory-engineered, 88
nanotoxicological studies, 89
natural production, 87
optical measurement, 120–121
particle coagulation, 112–116
particle diffusion mobility, 125
particle electrical mobility, 123–125
particle penetration, 90
QF filtration, 91
SEM, 126–127
TEM, 127
thermophoresis, 109–112
urban areas, 88
Nanowire fabrication, 447–448
National Air Pollution Control Administration
(NAPCA), 17
National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS), 8,
18–19
ozone, 32–36
particulate matter, 28
primary and secondary, 18–19
US process for, 19–22
Nationwide Energy Rating Scheme, 464
Natural capital, 386
Natural disaster risk management, 456
Natural environments, heatwave impacts, 467–468
Natural ventilation, 141, 150
Neighborhood scale, 163
Nickel, 482
Nitrogen dioxide, 47, 63
Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas sensor, 437
Non-environmental considerations, 403
Non-methane VOC (NMVOC), 480
NO x , 215
limited, 215
O
Ocean alkalinity enhancement, 302
Ocean carbon sink enhancement, 302
Ocean fertilization, 302
Oceans, 289–291
Offices, air pollution in, 138
Open-path laser, 437
Operational street pollution model (OSPM), 65
Opposed migration aerosol classifier (OMAC), 125
Optical particle counter (OPC), 437
Optical sensors, 436
non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy, 437
particulate matter, 437–439
Outdoor air pollution, 13
Oxyfuel combustion, 303
Oxygen change, 289
Ozone, 8, 47, 64, 373
detection, 441
frequency distribution of simulated daily 8-hmaximum surface concentrations, 32, 33
GEOS-Chem model, 32
hole, 373
layer, 386
layer destruction, 395
NAAQS, 32–36
Ozone depleting substance (ODS), 373
Ozonolysis, 144
518
Index
non-environmental considerations, 403
numerical modeling, 401–402
outstanding problems and challenges, 406–407
overcoming oversimplifications in, 416–417
ozone layer destruction, 395
particulate matter (PM), 390
policy and air pollution standards, 402–403, 405–406
precipitation chemistry monitoring, 399
public involvement, 412
regional problems, 392
research, 396
research questions, 396–398
resilience, 409
satellite observations development, 415–416
satellite remote sensing, 399–401
in situ, 398–399
socio-ecological justice, 409
and sustainability, 388, 407
urban form, 410–411
violations of concentration standards, 404–405
visibility, 393
volatile organic carbon (VOC), 390
Montreal protocol, 373
Mortality, 386
Most penetrating particle size (MPPS), 91, 96, 98, 103, 104
M-Pods, 445
Multiple-regression models, 59
Multiple Threshold Index, 457, 462
Multipollutant monitoring, 386
and science, 414
Multi-walled CNTs, 98, 99
N
Nanofiber packing density, 97
Nanoparticles (NPs), 118
AMS, 126
anthropogenic sources, 87, 88
APM, 115–117
CNTs, 98–104
CPC, 121–122
deposition mechanism, 88
diffusion, 91, 92
electrospun nanofibers, 94–98
electrostatic deposition, 91, 92
engineered, 88
ESPs, 104
fibrous filters, 90
filtration efficiency, 90, 93
impaction, 117–120
industrial activities, 88
inertial impact, 91, 92
interception, 91, 92
laboratory-engineered, 88
nanotoxicological studies, 89
natural production, 87
optical measurement, 120–121
particle coagulation, 112–116
particle diffusion mobility, 125
particle electrical mobility, 123–125
particle penetration, 90
QF filtration, 91
SEM, 126–127
TEM, 127
thermophoresis, 109–112
urban areas, 88
Nanowire fabrication, 447–448
National Air Pollution Control Administration
(NAPCA), 17
National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS), 8,
18–19
ozone, 32–36
particulate matter, 28
primary and secondary, 18–19
US process for, 19–22
Nationwide Energy Rating Scheme, 464
Natural capital, 386
Natural disaster risk management, 456
Natural environments, heatwave impacts, 467–468
Natural ventilation, 141, 150
Neighborhood scale, 163
Nickel, 482
Nitrogen dioxide, 47, 63
Non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas sensor, 437
Non-environmental considerations, 403
Non-methane VOC (NMVOC), 480
NO x , 215
limited, 215
O
Ocean alkalinity enhancement, 302
Ocean carbon sink enhancement, 302
Ocean fertilization, 302
Oceans, 289–291
Offices, air pollution in, 138
Open-path laser, 437
Operational street pollution model (OSPM), 65
Opposed migration aerosol classifier (OMAC), 125
Optical particle counter (OPC), 437
Optical sensors, 436
non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy, 437
particulate matter, 437–439
Outdoor air pollution, 13
Oxyfuel combustion, 303
Oxygen change, 289
Ozone, 8, 47, 64, 373
detection, 441
frequency distribution of simulated daily 8-hmaximum surface concentrations, 32, 33
GEOS-Chem model, 32
hole, 373
layer, 386
layer destruction, 395
NAAQS, 32–36
Ozone depleting substance (ODS), 373
Ozonolysis, 144
518
Index