parameterizations of contrail cirrus and evaluated by recently available tracking algorithms
of these clouds in satellite data.
3. The climate impact of indirect effects on
clouds (e.g., soot cirrus caused by air traffic)
should be simulated by now available
chemistry-climate models including aerosolcloud interactions; the necessary parameters
should be obtained by dedicated airborne measurement campaigns.
4. The regional response pattern in atmospheric
composition and climate resulting from heterogeneous transport emissions need to be determined consistently in a multi-model approach.
5. The effects arising while replacing fossil fuel by
biofuels should be considered. Finally, tradeoffs between climate and air quality effects of
emissions from different sectors should be
examined for robust policy formulations.
Because the future will not only bring – with
high probability – a global carbon emission trading scheme including all modes of transport but
will also approach the metric “emissions per person per year” as the baseline of climate policy, the
inclusion of aviation into the European Union
emission trading scheme is just a first step on the
way to a more just handling of the different modes
of transport. This will give a push toward a much
more efficient transport system, e.g., with a preference for high speed trains in comparison to short
distance flights, and it will stimulate the search for
new types of fuel for aircraft derived from renewable energy sources, be it methane or hydrogen or
another fuel.
Acknowledgment I am very thankful to Dietrich
Brockhagen from atmosfair for many discussions over
the years on attempts to integrate aviation into the emission
reduction arena and especially on different metrics to
account for the climate effects of air traffic besides those
by CO 2 .
Bibliography
1. atmosfair (2011) The atmosfair airline Index (AAI),
atmosfair gGmbH, Berlin 2011. https://www.
atmosfair.de/en/air-travel-climate/airline-index/
2. Balkanski Y, Myhre G, Gauss M, Rädel G,
Highwood E, Shine KP (2010) Direct radiative effect
of aerosols emitted by transport: from road, shipping
and aviation. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss
10:1659–1691
3. Baughcum SL, Henderson SC, Tritz TG, Pickett DC
(1996) Scheduled civil aircraft emission inventories
for 1992: database development and analysis. NASA
CR4700. NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton
4. Baughcum SL, Sutkus DJ Jr, Henderson SC
(1998) Year 2015 aircraft emission scenario for scheduled air traffic. NASA-CR-1998-207638. National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley
Research Center, Hampton, 44 pp
5. Berghof R, Schmitt A, Eyers C, Haag K, Middel J,
Hepting M, Grübler A, Hancox R (2005) CONSAVE
2050. Final technical report. DLR, Köln
6. Berntsen T, Fuglestvedt J (2008) Global temperature
responses to current emissions from the transport sectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci (PNAS) 105:19154–19159
7. Borken-Kleefeld J, Fuglestvedt J, Berntsen T (2010)
Specific climate impact of passenger and freight transport. Environ Sci Technol 44:5700–5706
8. Cariolle D, Caro D, Paoli R, Hauglustaine D,
Cuenot B, Cozic A, Paugam R (2009) Parameterization of plume chemistry into large scale atmospheric
models: application to aircraft NOx emissions.
J Geophys Res 114:D19302
9. EFTE (European Federation for Transport and Environment) (2009) Bunker fuels and the Kyoto protocol:
how ICAO and the IMO failed the climate change test,
Brussels, June 2009, 19 pp
10. Eyers CJ, Addleton D, Atkinson K, Broomhead MJ,
Christou R, Elliff T, Falk R, Gee I, Lee DS, Marizy C,
Michot S, Middel J, Newton P, Norman P, Plohr M,
Raper D, Stanciou R (2005) AERO2K global aviation
emissions inventories for 2002 and 2025. QINETIQ/
04/0113, Farnborough
11. Fuglestvedt JS, Shine KP, Berntsen T, Cook J, Lee DS,
Stenke A, Skeie RB, Velders GJM, Waitz IA
(2010) Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate:
metrics. Atmos Environ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
atmosenv.2009.04.044
12. Gardner RM, Adams JK, Cook T, Larson LG, Falk RS,
Fleuit E, Förtsch W, Lecht M, Lee DS, Leech MV,
Lister DH, Massé B, Morris K, Newton PJ, Owen A,
Parker E, Schmitt A, ten Have H, Vandenberghe
C (1998) ANCAT/EC2 aircraft emissions inventories
for 1991/1992 and 2015. Final report. Produced by the
ECAC/ANCAT and EC working group. European
civil aviation conference
13. Henderson SC, Wickrama UK, Baughcum SL,
Begin JJ, Franco F, Greene DL, Lee DS, McLaren
ML, Mortlock AK, Newton PJ, Schmitt A, Sutkus
DJ, Vedantham A, Wuebbles DJ (1999) Aircraft
emissions: current inventories and future scenarios.
In: Penner JE, Lister DH, Griggs DJ, Dokken DJ,
McFarland M (eds) ‘Aviation and the Global Atmosphere’, intergovernmental panel on climate
344
Aviation and Atmosphere
of these clouds in satellite data.
3. The climate impact of indirect effects on
clouds (e.g., soot cirrus caused by air traffic)
should be simulated by now available
chemistry-climate models including aerosolcloud interactions; the necessary parameters
should be obtained by dedicated airborne measurement campaigns.
4. The regional response pattern in atmospheric
composition and climate resulting from heterogeneous transport emissions need to be determined consistently in a multi-model approach.
5. The effects arising while replacing fossil fuel by
biofuels should be considered. Finally, tradeoffs between climate and air quality effects of
emissions from different sectors should be
examined for robust policy formulations.
Because the future will not only bring – with
high probability – a global carbon emission trading scheme including all modes of transport but
will also approach the metric “emissions per person per year” as the baseline of climate policy, the
inclusion of aviation into the European Union
emission trading scheme is just a first step on the
way to a more just handling of the different modes
of transport. This will give a push toward a much
more efficient transport system, e.g., with a preference for high speed trains in comparison to short
distance flights, and it will stimulate the search for
new types of fuel for aircraft derived from renewable energy sources, be it methane or hydrogen or
another fuel.
Acknowledgment I am very thankful to Dietrich
Brockhagen from atmosfair for many discussions over
the years on attempts to integrate aviation into the emission
reduction arena and especially on different metrics to
account for the climate effects of air traffic besides those
by CO 2 .
Bibliography
1. atmosfair (2011) The atmosfair airline Index (AAI),
atmosfair gGmbH, Berlin 2011. https://www.
atmosfair.de/en/air-travel-climate/airline-index/
2. Balkanski Y, Myhre G, Gauss M, Rädel G,
Highwood E, Shine KP (2010) Direct radiative effect
of aerosols emitted by transport: from road, shipping
and aviation. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss
10:1659–1691
3. Baughcum SL, Henderson SC, Tritz TG, Pickett DC
(1996) Scheduled civil aircraft emission inventories
for 1992: database development and analysis. NASA
CR4700. NASA, Langley Research Center, Hampton
4. Baughcum SL, Sutkus DJ Jr, Henderson SC
(1998) Year 2015 aircraft emission scenario for scheduled air traffic. NASA-CR-1998-207638. National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley
Research Center, Hampton, 44 pp
5. Berghof R, Schmitt A, Eyers C, Haag K, Middel J,
Hepting M, Grübler A, Hancox R (2005) CONSAVE
2050. Final technical report. DLR, Köln
6. Berntsen T, Fuglestvedt J (2008) Global temperature
responses to current emissions from the transport sectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci (PNAS) 105:19154–19159
7. Borken-Kleefeld J, Fuglestvedt J, Berntsen T (2010)
Specific climate impact of passenger and freight transport. Environ Sci Technol 44:5700–5706
8. Cariolle D, Caro D, Paoli R, Hauglustaine D,
Cuenot B, Cozic A, Paugam R (2009) Parameterization of plume chemistry into large scale atmospheric
models: application to aircraft NOx emissions.
J Geophys Res 114:D19302
9. EFTE (European Federation for Transport and Environment) (2009) Bunker fuels and the Kyoto protocol:
how ICAO and the IMO failed the climate change test,
Brussels, June 2009, 19 pp
10. Eyers CJ, Addleton D, Atkinson K, Broomhead MJ,
Christou R, Elliff T, Falk R, Gee I, Lee DS, Marizy C,
Michot S, Middel J, Newton P, Norman P, Plohr M,
Raper D, Stanciou R (2005) AERO2K global aviation
emissions inventories for 2002 and 2025. QINETIQ/
04/0113, Farnborough
11. Fuglestvedt JS, Shine KP, Berntsen T, Cook J, Lee DS,
Stenke A, Skeie RB, Velders GJM, Waitz IA
(2010) Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate:
metrics. Atmos Environ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
atmosenv.2009.04.044
12. Gardner RM, Adams JK, Cook T, Larson LG, Falk RS,
Fleuit E, Förtsch W, Lecht M, Lee DS, Leech MV,
Lister DH, Massé B, Morris K, Newton PJ, Owen A,
Parker E, Schmitt A, ten Have H, Vandenberghe
C (1998) ANCAT/EC2 aircraft emissions inventories
for 1991/1992 and 2015. Final report. Produced by the
ECAC/ANCAT and EC working group. European
civil aviation conference
13. Henderson SC, Wickrama UK, Baughcum SL,
Begin JJ, Franco F, Greene DL, Lee DS, McLaren
ML, Mortlock AK, Newton PJ, Schmitt A, Sutkus
DJ, Vedantham A, Wuebbles DJ (1999) Aircraft
emissions: current inventories and future scenarios.
In: Penner JE, Lister DH, Griggs DJ, Dokken DJ,
McFarland M (eds) ‘Aviation and the Global Atmosphere’, intergovernmental panel on climate
344
Aviation and Atmosphere