challenging to create a comprehensive plan to deal
with climate change.
In Europe, the key risks of climate change will
include rising sea level, an increase in economic
losses, increased pressure on water resources, and
many more. Adaptation will require preparation
for flooding, higher efficiency for water use, and
more [128].
Besides having a negative impact on wildlife,
ecosystems, and nature, flooding has a major economic impact. Flooding in coastal areas may
cause erosion and damage to buildings, which
require additional insurance when located in
flood zones. Increasing urbanization in coastal
areas carries increased economic risk.
Food security is also at risk. On land there
are obvious effects from increased variability in
rainfall and increased temperature. In the ocean
there are impacts from changing temperature,
circulation, and pH, resulting in shifts in the distributions of plankton and fish [129].
The European Union (EU) requires its members to adopt an adaptation plan in preparation for
the effects of climate change. Currently, 25 of the
28 member countries have adopted such a plan.
The focus of the EU adaptation strategies is to
address three main points: preparing and approving a national adaptation plan, “climate proofing”
key elements such as agriculture and the fishing
industry, and promoting the use of ClimateADAPT, which is the EU’s climate adaptation
platform, thereby promoting knowledge on adaptation and climate change.
In 2012 Denmark approved a National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP requires all municipalities to participate with the result that they
have all implemented a local plan. Money was
set aside in the national budget to support the
35
38
25
0
10
20
10
5
1 5
2 0
3 0
30
40
50
60
-10
-100
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
Abatement cost
€ per tCO 2 e
Global GHG abatement cost curve beyond business-as-usual – 2030
Note: The curve presents an estimate of the maximum potential of all technical GHG abatement measures below €60 per tCO 2 e if each
lever was pursued aggressively. It is not a forecast of what role different abatement measures and technologies will play.
Source: Global GHG Abatement Cost Curve v2.0
Lighting – switch incandescent to LED (residential)
Cropland nutrient management
Tillage and residue mgmt
1 st generation biofuels
Clinker substitution by fly ash
Electricity from landfill gas
Small hydro
Reduced slash and burn agriculture conversion
Reduced pastureland conversion
Grassland management
Organic soil restoration
Pastureland afforestation
Nuclear
Degraded forest reforestation
Reduced intensive
agriculture conversion
Coal CCS new build
Iron and steel CCS new build
Motor systems efficiency
Rice management
Cars full hybrid
Gas plant CCS retrofit
Solar PV
Waste recycling
High penetration wind
Low penetration wind
Residential electronics
Residential appliances
Retrofit residential HVAC
Insulation retrofit (commercial)
Power plant biomass
co-firing
Geothermal
Coal CCS retrofit
Degraded land restoration
Abatement potential
GtCO 2 e per year
Solar CSP
Building efficiency
new build
2 nd generation biofuels
Efficiency improvements other industry
Insulation retrofit (residential)
Cars plug-in hybrid
Air Pollution and Climate Change: Sustainability,
Restoration, and Ethical Implications, Fig. 11 Global
greenhouse gas abatement cost curve beyond business-asusual in 2030. (Source: Exhibit from Pathways to a lowcarbon economy: Version 2 of the global greenhouse gas
abatement cost curve, September 2013, McKinsey & Company, www.mckinsey.com. Copyright (c) 2019 McKinsey
& Company. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission
[2])
306
Air Pollution and Climate Change: Sustainability, Restoration, and Ethical Implications
with climate change.
In Europe, the key risks of climate change will
include rising sea level, an increase in economic
losses, increased pressure on water resources, and
many more. Adaptation will require preparation
for flooding, higher efficiency for water use, and
more [128].
Besides having a negative impact on wildlife,
ecosystems, and nature, flooding has a major economic impact. Flooding in coastal areas may
cause erosion and damage to buildings, which
require additional insurance when located in
flood zones. Increasing urbanization in coastal
areas carries increased economic risk.
Food security is also at risk. On land there
are obvious effects from increased variability in
rainfall and increased temperature. In the ocean
there are impacts from changing temperature,
circulation, and pH, resulting in shifts in the distributions of plankton and fish [129].
The European Union (EU) requires its members to adopt an adaptation plan in preparation for
the effects of climate change. Currently, 25 of the
28 member countries have adopted such a plan.
The focus of the EU adaptation strategies is to
address three main points: preparing and approving a national adaptation plan, “climate proofing”
key elements such as agriculture and the fishing
industry, and promoting the use of ClimateADAPT, which is the EU’s climate adaptation
platform, thereby promoting knowledge on adaptation and climate change.
In 2012 Denmark approved a National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP requires all municipalities to participate with the result that they
have all implemented a local plan. Money was
set aside in the national budget to support the
35
38
25
0
10
20
10
5
1 5
2 0
3 0
30
40
50
60
-10
-100
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
Abatement cost
€ per tCO 2 e
Global GHG abatement cost curve beyond business-as-usual – 2030
Note: The curve presents an estimate of the maximum potential of all technical GHG abatement measures below €60 per tCO 2 e if each
lever was pursued aggressively. It is not a forecast of what role different abatement measures and technologies will play.
Source: Global GHG Abatement Cost Curve v2.0
Lighting – switch incandescent to LED (residential)
Cropland nutrient management
Tillage and residue mgmt
1 st generation biofuels
Clinker substitution by fly ash
Electricity from landfill gas
Small hydro
Reduced slash and burn agriculture conversion
Reduced pastureland conversion
Grassland management
Organic soil restoration
Pastureland afforestation
Nuclear
Degraded forest reforestation
Reduced intensive
agriculture conversion
Coal CCS new build
Iron and steel CCS new build
Motor systems efficiency
Rice management
Cars full hybrid
Gas plant CCS retrofit
Solar PV
Waste recycling
High penetration wind
Low penetration wind
Residential electronics
Residential appliances
Retrofit residential HVAC
Insulation retrofit (commercial)
Power plant biomass
co-firing
Geothermal
Coal CCS retrofit
Degraded land restoration
Abatement potential
GtCO 2 e per year
Solar CSP
Building efficiency
new build
2 nd generation biofuels
Efficiency improvements other industry
Insulation retrofit (residential)
Cars plug-in hybrid
Air Pollution and Climate Change: Sustainability,
Restoration, and Ethical Implications, Fig. 11 Global
greenhouse gas abatement cost curve beyond business-asusual in 2030. (Source: Exhibit from Pathways to a lowcarbon economy: Version 2 of the global greenhouse gas
abatement cost curve, September 2013, McKinsey & Company, www.mckinsey.com. Copyright (c) 2019 McKinsey
& Company. All rights reserved. Reprinted by permission
[2])
306
Air Pollution and Climate Change: Sustainability, Restoration, and Ethical Implications