Annual average PM
10 concentrations in selected cities worldwide
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
Karachi
New Delhi
Katmandu
Dhaka
Calcuta
Shanghai
Beijing
Gangzhou
Ho Chi Min City
Mumbai
Colombo
Busan
Seoul
Manila
Bangkok
Taipei
Hong Kong
Tokyo
Lima
Arequipa
Meddelin
Fortaleza
Santiago
Bogotá
Cochabamba
San Salvador
Guatemala City
Havana
Mexico City
Quito
Rio de Janeiro
La Paz
Sáo Paulo
San Juan
Belo Horizonte
Cairo
Vereeniging
Johannesburg
Cape Town
Praque
Turin
Bucharest
Barcelona
Milan
Rome
Cracow
Berlin
Erfurt
Oslo
Palermo
Seville
Bologna
Helsinki
Budapest
Florence
Hamburg
Vienna
Warsaw
Munich
Amsterdam
Cologne
Geneva
Basel
Zurich
Copenhagen
London
Athens
Leeds
Brussels
Stockholm
San Diego
St. Louis
Los Angeles
Knoxville
Houston
Pittburg
Dallas
Memphis
Oklahoma City
Washington DC
New York
Seattle
Interim target-1
Interim target-2
Interim target-3
Air quality guidelines
Africa
Europe
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Urban Air Quality: Sources and Concentrations, Fig. 7
PM10 concentrations
(mg m
À3
) in selected large cities throughout the world. The plot has been derived on
basis of WHO (2006) [1]. The WHO Air Quality Guideline (AQG) (shown in the
figure)
is defined at the lowest level at which total, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality
has been shown to increase with more than 95% confidence in response to long-term
exposure. Shown also are the WHO interim target values 1 to 3
208
Urban Air Quality: Sources and Concentrations