Contents xi
5.3 Chemical actions 132
5.3.1 Alkali silica reaction (ASR) 132
5.3.1.1 Mechanism 133
5.3.1.2 Influencing parameters 139
5.3.1.3 Mitigation 141
5.3.1.4 Example 142
5.3.2 Sulfate attack and delayed ettringite formation 143
5.3.2.1 Chemical sulfate attack 145
5.3.2.2 Physical sulfate attack 151
5.3.2.3 Delayed ettringite formation (DEF) 154
5.3.2.4 Sea water 155
5.3.3 Acid attack 156
5.3.4 Biogenic sulfuric acid attack 160
5.4 Reinforcement corrosion 162
5.4.1 General 162
5.4.2 Carbonation-induced corrosion 168
5.4.3 Chloride-induced corrosion 173
References 179
Index
185