Assessing the Use of Pine Chip Ash in Manufacturing …
233
Table 1 Traces of the mixtures
Mix Base
SAMPLE
PCA
GROUND
SAND
CEMENT
ADDITIVE (ml)
A1
0%
100%
0%
11%
0
A2
15%
85%
0%
11%
0
A3
30%
70%
0%
11%
0
A4 *
50%
50%
0%
11%
0
A5
50%
0%
50%
11%
180
Source Prepared by the authors
accurately defining the proportions of trace. For the trace of the raw material called
base mixture, it was considered the proportional weight of ash and soil or sand and
ash, then the proportion of cement relative to the total weight of the base mixture, as
illustrated in Table 1.
For each sample mixtures were prepared independent traces as described, leaving
the material in ideal conditions of compaction. Each specific trace was prepared
following the same procedures where the components were manually mixed until
a uniform mass coloration and good homogeneity. By following a manual mixing
process, dry homogenization was initially carried out and only after reaching uniform
color was water gradually added to the ideal point for molding.
2.5 Proof Bodies of Molding
The molding is the process of giving the brick format, compressing the mixed material. It has transferred the contents of the first trace to the press and carried out the
molding of parts with 12 tons of compression in a hydraulic press, which resulted
in visually well-defined parts. Each batch of samples, the cleaning of the equipment
was cautiously, avoiding interfering with residues of the previous trace.
The plot called A4* was discarded due to rejection of the ideal conditions for
compaction, as it did not present enough agglutination power for molding. The
attempt to add the maximum PCA gave rise to the batch A5, replacing the sandy
soil (70% sand/30% clay) of pure white sand (100% sand) and 180 ml of the PVA
binder additive, named only as an additive. The additive was used for a specific
purpose for agglutination due to the absence of clay. According to PISAFIX (2019),
PVA has a composition based on Polyvinyl acetate, which is a synthetic polymer,
thermoplastic, tasteless and odorless.
233
Table 1 Traces of the mixtures
Mix Base
SAMPLE
PCA
GROUND
SAND
CEMENT
ADDITIVE (ml)
A1
0%
100%
0%
11%
0
A2
15%
85%
0%
11%
0
A3
30%
70%
0%
11%
0
A4 *
50%
50%
0%
11%
0
A5
50%
0%
50%
11%
180
Source Prepared by the authors
accurately defining the proportions of trace. For the trace of the raw material called
base mixture, it was considered the proportional weight of ash and soil or sand and
ash, then the proportion of cement relative to the total weight of the base mixture, as
illustrated in Table 1.
For each sample mixtures were prepared independent traces as described, leaving
the material in ideal conditions of compaction. Each specific trace was prepared
following the same procedures where the components were manually mixed until
a uniform mass coloration and good homogeneity. By following a manual mixing
process, dry homogenization was initially carried out and only after reaching uniform
color was water gradually added to the ideal point for molding.
2.5 Proof Bodies of Molding
The molding is the process of giving the brick format, compressing the mixed material. It has transferred the contents of the first trace to the press and carried out the
molding of parts with 12 tons of compression in a hydraulic press, which resulted
in visually well-defined parts. Each batch of samples, the cleaning of the equipment
was cautiously, avoiding interfering with residues of the previous trace.
The plot called A4* was discarded due to rejection of the ideal conditions for
compaction, as it did not present enough agglutination power for molding. The
attempt to add the maximum PCA gave rise to the batch A5, replacing the sandy
soil (70% sand/30% clay) of pure white sand (100% sand) and 180 ml of the PVA
binder additive, named only as an additive. The additive was used for a specific
purpose for agglutination due to the absence of clay. According to PISAFIX (2019),
PVA has a composition based on Polyvinyl acetate, which is a synthetic polymer,
thermoplastic, tasteless and odorless.