Assessing the Use of Pine Chip Ash in Manufacturing …
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2.1 Materials
According to Ferreira and Efren (1984), the most suitable material for producing
soil–cement brick is sandy soil (60–80% sand). The soil can be defined as a
non-consolidated material on the surface layer of the earth, easily disintegrating,
containing various minerals in the forms of sand, silt and clays (Cebrace 1981).
The soil used in this study comes from a deposit of sand from the city of União da
Vitória—PR, material already used by default in a soil–cement brick factory in the
city of Palmas—PR.
Portland cement is a fine powder that has binder properties, which when in contact
with water hardens and no longer decomposes when exposed to water again (ABCP
2002). Portland cement is made of clinker and additions, clinker being its main
component, present in all types of cement (ABCP 2002). In this study, we used a
type of cement sold in some retail stores thus characterized as special, the CP-V type,
distributed in bulk directly from the manufacturer to consumers on a large scale. This
was provided by the brick factory.
Ash, like the PCA, which is a residue in most cases disposed of as fertilizer on
fields by having certain nutrients. However, as Borlini et al. (2005), ash is a waste
that even contains metals, those responsible for air pollution and also responsible for
serious respiratory problems in the affected population. In the study Borlini et al.
(2005), ash showed high amounts of calcium oxide (CaO), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ),
a certain amount of potassium oxide (K 2 O), and also magnesium oxide (MgO). On
the other hand, in the way of solutions according to Oliveira et al. (2004), the ash has
pozzolan property and should contribute to binding power with similar reactions to
cement.
The plywood manufacturing uses pine wood coming from reforestation, therefore
considered a sustainable alternative for fence panels, buildings, and other purposes.
The industry that cooperated with this research generates 3 m
3 of this residue daily
and according to the Remade (2002) in this segment are associated in Brazil about
300 companies, which exponentially increases the total waste generated annually.
Therefore, industry factories depend on the proper disposal of the PCA in order to
make closed the whole process cycle.
2.2 Method of Water Absorption Test
After the curing period of the samples, the water absorption tests were performed
according to the procedures of ISO 8492 (ABNT 2012a). The samples passed through
the drying process in the oven at temperatures between 105 °C and 110 °C until the
weight stabilized. With the mass density free of water, samples were immersed in a
water tank for 24 h. Thereupon, lightly wiped with a towel and reweighed, recording
the weight of the saturated masses.
231
2.1 Materials
According to Ferreira and Efren (1984), the most suitable material for producing
soil–cement brick is sandy soil (60–80% sand). The soil can be defined as a
non-consolidated material on the surface layer of the earth, easily disintegrating,
containing various minerals in the forms of sand, silt and clays (Cebrace 1981).
The soil used in this study comes from a deposit of sand from the city of União da
Vitória—PR, material already used by default in a soil–cement brick factory in the
city of Palmas—PR.
Portland cement is a fine powder that has binder properties, which when in contact
with water hardens and no longer decomposes when exposed to water again (ABCP
2002). Portland cement is made of clinker and additions, clinker being its main
component, present in all types of cement (ABCP 2002). In this study, we used a
type of cement sold in some retail stores thus characterized as special, the CP-V type,
distributed in bulk directly from the manufacturer to consumers on a large scale. This
was provided by the brick factory.
Ash, like the PCA, which is a residue in most cases disposed of as fertilizer on
fields by having certain nutrients. However, as Borlini et al. (2005), ash is a waste
that even contains metals, those responsible for air pollution and also responsible for
serious respiratory problems in the affected population. In the study Borlini et al.
(2005), ash showed high amounts of calcium oxide (CaO), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ),
a certain amount of potassium oxide (K 2 O), and also magnesium oxide (MgO). On
the other hand, in the way of solutions according to Oliveira et al. (2004), the ash has
pozzolan property and should contribute to binding power with similar reactions to
cement.
The plywood manufacturing uses pine wood coming from reforestation, therefore
considered a sustainable alternative for fence panels, buildings, and other purposes.
The industry that cooperated with this research generates 3 m
3 of this residue daily
and according to the Remade (2002) in this segment are associated in Brazil about
300 companies, which exponentially increases the total waste generated annually.
Therefore, industry factories depend on the proper disposal of the PCA in order to
make closed the whole process cycle.
2.2 Method of Water Absorption Test
After the curing period of the samples, the water absorption tests were performed
according to the procedures of ISO 8492 (ABNT 2012a). The samples passed through
the drying process in the oven at temperatures between 105 °C and 110 °C until the
weight stabilized. With the mass density free of water, samples were immersed in a
water tank for 24 h. Thereupon, lightly wiped with a towel and reweighed, recording
the weight of the saturated masses.