197
4
Interaction
of Extremely
Low–Frequency
Electromagnetic
Fields with
Biological Systems
4.1 Introduction .......................................................... 197
4.2 EMF and Biological Systems...............................199
Electrical Properties of Biological
Tissues • Coupling between EMF and
Biological Systems
4.3 Numerical Dosimetry Approaches ....................202
Impedance Method • SPFD Method
4.4 Development of Modeling of the Human
Body ........................................................................205
4.5 Coupling and Dosimetry of ELF EMF
with Biological Systems ....................................... 211
ELF Electric Field • ELF Magnetic
Field • Extremely Low–Frequency
Electromagnetic Field • Validation of Methods
4.6 Conclusions............................................................243
Tsukasa Shigemitsu
Acknowledgments............................................................245
Kenichi Yamazaki
References..........................................................................245
4.1 Introduction
During the last four decades, research on interaction between extremely low–frequency
(50/60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF) and biological systems has increased significantly (Kheifets and Shimkhada 2007; McCormick 2007; the Tenforde 1987; WHO
1984, 1989). In addition to biological research, a major research on possible adverse
4
Interaction
of Extremely
Low–Frequency
Electromagnetic
Fields with
Biological Systems
4.1 Introduction .......................................................... 197
4.2 EMF and Biological Systems...............................199
Electrical Properties of Biological
Tissues • Coupling between EMF and
Biological Systems
4.3 Numerical Dosimetry Approaches ....................202
Impedance Method • SPFD Method
4.4 Development of Modeling of the Human
Body ........................................................................205
4.5 Coupling and Dosimetry of ELF EMF
with Biological Systems ....................................... 211
ELF Electric Field • ELF Magnetic
Field • Extremely Low–Frequency
Electromagnetic Field • Validation of Methods
4.6 Conclusions............................................................243
Tsukasa Shigemitsu
Acknowledgments............................................................245
Kenichi Yamazaki
References..........................................................................245
4.1 Introduction
During the last four decades, research on interaction between extremely low–frequency
(50/60 Hz) electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF) and biological systems has increased significantly (Kheifets and Shimkhada 2007; McCormick 2007; the Tenforde 1987; WHO
1984, 1989). In addition to biological research, a major research on possible adverse