Renewable energy sources are obtained by human, mechanical, and physical and
processing techniques that repeat themselves during their lifespan and could be
effective in generating the required amount of bioenergy (Pratibha et al. 2020).
Biomass is among those most frequently used in the bioenergy production system.
Globally, biomass can be seen as the fourth largely usable resource for bioenergy
production. It generates about 15% of global electricity demand. Mainstream biomass energy is generated from wood and wood residues (about 64%), 24% from
municipal solid wastes (MSW), and 10% from agricultural residues. Biomass has
been considered a possible renewable energy resource and is a viable alternative to
the decay of fossil fuel. Biomass sources include farm waste, wood waste, fuel
wood, energy crops, livestock residues, algal feedstocks, MSW, activated sludge,
dairy waste, industrial waste biodiesel (glycerol), effluent from palm oil, etc.
(Pratibha et al. 2020). Because of their higher concentrations of carbohydrates,
proteins, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and nitrogen, they can be used as potential
substrates for biohydrogen (Guang and Jianlong 2019).
4.7 Sustainable Methods to Produce Biohydrogen
From the beginning of the twenty-first century, the demand for energy is increasing
in which the need for ecofriendly production is required for a better future. This leads
to a balanced condition. Earlier the world’s energy demand was met by fossil fuel,
but this created a huge amount of problem across the globe. Apart from these, the
scientific evidences show that the use of oil caused crisis and a substitute has to be
found. These can protect the economy as well as the surroundings. With the help of
international agencies, a program was started in the year of 1977 to increase the
research on biohydrogen production. Apart from these, a collection of decreased
availability of other fossil fuels improved the need for this biohydrogen (George
et al. 2020). This gas is precious as it has zero GHG emissivity and is ecofriendly, so
it is found to be a clean energy fuel (Vijayaraghavan and Mohd Soom 2006).
Decomposition of these living creatures releases hydrogen and carbon dioxide in
which the hydrogen using bacteria are autotrophic, which grows continuously. The
electron acceptor in this case will be oxygen, and the final by-product will be water
(Saratale et al. 2019). There are many organisms to produce biohydrogen, and out of
that, we can use cyanobacteria, which is mainly green algae. Apart from these, there
are various other raw materials for the synthesis of biodiesel like animal fats, algae,
and so on. But the among these, microalgae is considered as the better one, and those
oil-seeded crops and algae required specific conditions for their growth which make
it more difficult to complete the process (Pugazhendhi and Thamaraiselvi 2017). The
conditions required for the growth of microalgae can be changed accordingly which
is not acceptable in the case of other sources (Muhammad et al. 2019). In this way,
alga offers a great potential as a feedstock for biofuel. In order to produce the best
outcome, there should be a little bit modification required. Photobioreactor can be
used in the production process to scale up the reaction (Budzianowski 2012). At
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processing techniques that repeat themselves during their lifespan and could be
effective in generating the required amount of bioenergy (Pratibha et al. 2020).
Biomass is among those most frequently used in the bioenergy production system.
Globally, biomass can be seen as the fourth largely usable resource for bioenergy
production. It generates about 15% of global electricity demand. Mainstream biomass energy is generated from wood and wood residues (about 64%), 24% from
municipal solid wastes (MSW), and 10% from agricultural residues. Biomass has
been considered a possible renewable energy resource and is a viable alternative to
the decay of fossil fuel. Biomass sources include farm waste, wood waste, fuel
wood, energy crops, livestock residues, algal feedstocks, MSW, activated sludge,
dairy waste, industrial waste biodiesel (glycerol), effluent from palm oil, etc.
(Pratibha et al. 2020). Because of their higher concentrations of carbohydrates,
proteins, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and nitrogen, they can be used as potential
substrates for biohydrogen (Guang and Jianlong 2019).
4.7 Sustainable Methods to Produce Biohydrogen
From the beginning of the twenty-first century, the demand for energy is increasing
in which the need for ecofriendly production is required for a better future. This leads
to a balanced condition. Earlier the world’s energy demand was met by fossil fuel,
but this created a huge amount of problem across the globe. Apart from these, the
scientific evidences show that the use of oil caused crisis and a substitute has to be
found. These can protect the economy as well as the surroundings. With the help of
international agencies, a program was started in the year of 1977 to increase the
research on biohydrogen production. Apart from these, a collection of decreased
availability of other fossil fuels improved the need for this biohydrogen (George
et al. 2020). This gas is precious as it has zero GHG emissivity and is ecofriendly, so
it is found to be a clean energy fuel (Vijayaraghavan and Mohd Soom 2006).
Decomposition of these living creatures releases hydrogen and carbon dioxide in
which the hydrogen using bacteria are autotrophic, which grows continuously. The
electron acceptor in this case will be oxygen, and the final by-product will be water
(Saratale et al. 2019). There are many organisms to produce biohydrogen, and out of
that, we can use cyanobacteria, which is mainly green algae. Apart from these, there
are various other raw materials for the synthesis of biodiesel like animal fats, algae,
and so on. But the among these, microalgae is considered as the better one, and those
oil-seeded crops and algae required specific conditions for their growth which make
it more difficult to complete the process (Pugazhendhi and Thamaraiselvi 2017). The
conditions required for the growth of microalgae can be changed accordingly which
is not acceptable in the case of other sources (Muhammad et al. 2019). In this way,
alga offers a great potential as a feedstock for biofuel. In order to produce the best
outcome, there should be a little bit modification required. Photobioreactor can be
used in the production process to scale up the reaction (Budzianowski 2012). At
84
L. Gangadhar et al.