unexplored and is also new. The capability of algae to accumulate metals as well as
reduce metal ions qualifies them to be a potent candidate in the synthesis of
nanoparticles. Both live and dead biomass of algae are mutually applied in the
biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles and are named as bionanofactories.
Recently, numerous algae, namely, Spirulina platensis and Lyngbya majuscula,
including Chlorella vulgaris, have been utilized as a less costly way for AgNP
synthesis (Soleimani and Habibi-Pirkoohi 2017). To corroborate this, Arya et al., in
2018, demonstrated a suitable means for the biosynthesis of CuNPs and AgNPs by
Botryococcus braunii green alga (Arya et al. 2018). Aqueous extract obtained from
green alga has the ability to reduce silver and copper ions into silver and copper NPs
and possesses the potential to stabilize them. González-Ballesteros et al., in 2017,
exemplified the green synthesis of AuNPs by employing Cystoseira baccata brown
algae. This research initially dealt with brown macroalgae Cystoseira baccata
(CB) extracts being used to obtain AuNPs by eco-friendly, fast, and one-pot
synthetic route (González-Ballesteros et al. 2017). Results so obtained clearly
evidenced the development of stable, spherical polycrystalline nanoparticles having
a diameter of 8.4 (Æ2.2) nm and its application in colon cancer cells. Also, Rajesh
et al., in 2012, illustrated an eco-friendly and simple biosynthesis of AgNPs via Ulva
fasciata crude ethyl acetate extract acting as capping as well as reducing agent. The
biogenic nanosilver exhibited a promising antibacterial activity against
X. campestris pv. malvacearum, an economically crucial pathogen of cotton plant.
This has resulted in major yield loss across the cotton-growing regions around the
world. Table 8.4 depicts the list of algae employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles.
8.4.4 Plants
The synthesis of nanoparticles via plants is considered as one of the most prominent
methods. Among the different organisms, plants appeared as a potent medium and
are also appropriate for high-scale production of nanoparticles (Miri et al. 2015).
Among existing green synthesis methods for metal oxide nanoparticles, employment
of extracts derived from plants is easier, and a simpler process in producing
nanoparticles in high volume in comparison to microbe (bacteria/fungi) enabled
biosynthesis. These products so obtained are collectively identified as biogenic
nanoparticles (Hassanien et al. 2018). Additionally, nanoparticles formed via plants
tend to be more stable with the synthesis rate being more rapid comparative to other
microorganisms. Furthermore, nanoparticles synthesized via plants are more different in size as well as shape in contrast to the ones synthesized by any other organism.
The benefits obtained by employing plant and materials acquired from plant for the
synthesis of metal nanoparticles have long aroused researcher’s interest to examine
methods of metal ion uptake and bioreduction by plants, as well as comprehend the
viable methods of formation of metal nanoparticle in plants. Lakshmanan et al. in
2018 investigated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Cleome viscosa
plant extract. Results illustrated the size range of nanoparticles was 20–50 nm
8 Analysis of Various Green Methods to Synthesize Nanomaterials: An Eco-Friendly. . .
193
reduce metal ions qualifies them to be a potent candidate in the synthesis of
nanoparticles. Both live and dead biomass of algae are mutually applied in the
biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles and are named as bionanofactories.
Recently, numerous algae, namely, Spirulina platensis and Lyngbya majuscula,
including Chlorella vulgaris, have been utilized as a less costly way for AgNP
synthesis (Soleimani and Habibi-Pirkoohi 2017). To corroborate this, Arya et al., in
2018, demonstrated a suitable means for the biosynthesis of CuNPs and AgNPs by
Botryococcus braunii green alga (Arya et al. 2018). Aqueous extract obtained from
green alga has the ability to reduce silver and copper ions into silver and copper NPs
and possesses the potential to stabilize them. González-Ballesteros et al., in 2017,
exemplified the green synthesis of AuNPs by employing Cystoseira baccata brown
algae. This research initially dealt with brown macroalgae Cystoseira baccata
(CB) extracts being used to obtain AuNPs by eco-friendly, fast, and one-pot
synthetic route (González-Ballesteros et al. 2017). Results so obtained clearly
evidenced the development of stable, spherical polycrystalline nanoparticles having
a diameter of 8.4 (Æ2.2) nm and its application in colon cancer cells. Also, Rajesh
et al., in 2012, illustrated an eco-friendly and simple biosynthesis of AgNPs via Ulva
fasciata crude ethyl acetate extract acting as capping as well as reducing agent. The
biogenic nanosilver exhibited a promising antibacterial activity against
X. campestris pv. malvacearum, an economically crucial pathogen of cotton plant.
This has resulted in major yield loss across the cotton-growing regions around the
world. Table 8.4 depicts the list of algae employed in the synthesis of nanoparticles.
8.4.4 Plants
The synthesis of nanoparticles via plants is considered as one of the most prominent
methods. Among the different organisms, plants appeared as a potent medium and
are also appropriate for high-scale production of nanoparticles (Miri et al. 2015).
Among existing green synthesis methods for metal oxide nanoparticles, employment
of extracts derived from plants is easier, and a simpler process in producing
nanoparticles in high volume in comparison to microbe (bacteria/fungi) enabled
biosynthesis. These products so obtained are collectively identified as biogenic
nanoparticles (Hassanien et al. 2018). Additionally, nanoparticles formed via plants
tend to be more stable with the synthesis rate being more rapid comparative to other
microorganisms. Furthermore, nanoparticles synthesized via plants are more different in size as well as shape in contrast to the ones synthesized by any other organism.
The benefits obtained by employing plant and materials acquired from plant for the
synthesis of metal nanoparticles have long aroused researcher’s interest to examine
methods of metal ion uptake and bioreduction by plants, as well as comprehend the
viable methods of formation of metal nanoparticle in plants. Lakshmanan et al. in
2018 investigated the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles via Cleome viscosa
plant extract. Results illustrated the size range of nanoparticles was 20–50 nm
8 Analysis of Various Green Methods to Synthesize Nanomaterials: An Eco-Friendly. . .
193