diesel. Engine emissions indicated an increase in nitrogen oxide (NOx) but a
decrease in the amount of opacity of the fumes, carbon monoxide and unburnt
hydrocarbons and a favourable p-θ diagram when compared to petroleum diesel.
Senthil et al. (2015) performed an engine test by coating the crown of the piston
with zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) using the plasma spray method to a thickness of
approximately 500 nm. The experiments were performed with 100% MEON, with
methyl ester of mahua oil (MEOM) and with diesel mixtures, in a direct injection
four-stroke diesel engine, with coating and without coated piston, under different
loading conditions. The properties of 100% biodiesel lead to a decrease in brake
specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and an improvement in thermal brake efficiency
(TBE) of about 10% at full load. Emissions of exhaust from engines, such as
hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke, have been reduced, and
nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions have increased for a coated engine (CE) compared
to the base model engine (BME) using diesel fuel.
Senthil et al. (2014) studied a set of operating and design parameters to identify
the optimal performance of the MEON diesel engine. The work aims to find the
effect of the engine design parameter, viz. fuel injection pressure (IP) in relation to
brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), specific fuel consumption (SFC) and various gas
emissions (HC, CO 2 , CO, NOx) with B20 (D80) as a fuel. A comparison of
functioning and emissions was made for different injection pressure values in
order to find the best possible conditions for operating the engine with MEON.
For small direct speed engines with direct injection used for farming applications,
the optimum injection pressure has been found to be 240 bar. MEON exhibited
properties closer to petroleum diesel and shows better functioning and emission
attributes. Therefore, the MEON mixture (B20) can be utilized in existing base diesel
engines without conceding the functioning of engine. 25% diesel saved in this way
will go a long way in helping the railways meet fuel demand, since diesel trains are
operated under peak conditions.
Sahoo et al. (2012) compared the emission qualities of biodiesel, such as THC,
CO 2 , CO and NOx, and the opacity of the smoke in the compression ignition (diesel)
engine fuelled with petroleum diesel fuel. In terms of TBE and BSFC, the fuel has
shown better performance. BSFC and lesser CO and NOx emissions during engine
combustion are the best attributes of T. peruviana biodiesel. The functioning and
qualities of the fuel emissions have shown that it is a green engine fuel.
Kumar et al. (2017) studied the functioning and emission attributes of the
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine powered by MECI
and compared it to the reference diesel as a base fuel. Experimental runs were
carried out on a four-stroke single-cylinder engine modified at different speeds
using the fuel injection technique to prepare a homogeneous load. To achieve selfignition of the fuel/air mixture in the combustion chamber, an intake air preheater
was used. The test results demonstrated that MEON has good replacements fuel for
petroleum diesel in the HCCI combustion route.
Abowei et al. (2013) studied the modelling of batch reactor for biodiesel synthesis
from T. peruviana oil by transesterification. Adamu (2015) investigated the physicochemical properties of yellow oleander (T. peruviana) to ascertain its suitability
6 Process Modelling and Simulation of Biodiesel Synthesis Reaction for Non-edible. . .
141
decrease in the amount of opacity of the fumes, carbon monoxide and unburnt
hydrocarbons and a favourable p-θ diagram when compared to petroleum diesel.
Senthil et al. (2015) performed an engine test by coating the crown of the piston
with zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) using the plasma spray method to a thickness of
approximately 500 nm. The experiments were performed with 100% MEON, with
methyl ester of mahua oil (MEOM) and with diesel mixtures, in a direct injection
four-stroke diesel engine, with coating and without coated piston, under different
loading conditions. The properties of 100% biodiesel lead to a decrease in brake
specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and an improvement in thermal brake efficiency
(TBE) of about 10% at full load. Emissions of exhaust from engines, such as
hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke, have been reduced, and
nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions have increased for a coated engine (CE) compared
to the base model engine (BME) using diesel fuel.
Senthil et al. (2014) studied a set of operating and design parameters to identify
the optimal performance of the MEON diesel engine. The work aims to find the
effect of the engine design parameter, viz. fuel injection pressure (IP) in relation to
brake thermal efficiency (BTHE), specific fuel consumption (SFC) and various gas
emissions (HC, CO 2 , CO, NOx) with B20 (D80) as a fuel. A comparison of
functioning and emissions was made for different injection pressure values in
order to find the best possible conditions for operating the engine with MEON.
For small direct speed engines with direct injection used for farming applications,
the optimum injection pressure has been found to be 240 bar. MEON exhibited
properties closer to petroleum diesel and shows better functioning and emission
attributes. Therefore, the MEON mixture (B20) can be utilized in existing base diesel
engines without conceding the functioning of engine. 25% diesel saved in this way
will go a long way in helping the railways meet fuel demand, since diesel trains are
operated under peak conditions.
Sahoo et al. (2012) compared the emission qualities of biodiesel, such as THC,
CO 2 , CO and NOx, and the opacity of the smoke in the compression ignition (diesel)
engine fuelled with petroleum diesel fuel. In terms of TBE and BSFC, the fuel has
shown better performance. BSFC and lesser CO and NOx emissions during engine
combustion are the best attributes of T. peruviana biodiesel. The functioning and
qualities of the fuel emissions have shown that it is a green engine fuel.
Kumar et al. (2017) studied the functioning and emission attributes of the
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine powered by MECI
and compared it to the reference diesel as a base fuel. Experimental runs were
carried out on a four-stroke single-cylinder engine modified at different speeds
using the fuel injection technique to prepare a homogeneous load. To achieve selfignition of the fuel/air mixture in the combustion chamber, an intake air preheater
was used. The test results demonstrated that MEON has good replacements fuel for
petroleum diesel in the HCCI combustion route.
Abowei et al. (2013) studied the modelling of batch reactor for biodiesel synthesis
from T. peruviana oil by transesterification. Adamu (2015) investigated the physicochemical properties of yellow oleander (T. peruviana) to ascertain its suitability
6 Process Modelling and Simulation of Biodiesel Synthesis Reaction for Non-edible. . .
141