Nowadays, it is found that untreated and acid-treated sorghum husk plant used for
the production of the biofuel by the organism Clostridium beijerinckii produced
biohydrogen. When the conditions are maintained at an optimum rate, then the
amount produced is found to be 46.54 mL/L h. If a consortium is used in this
case, the rate increased, that is, to 2.34 mol H 2 /mol glucose supplied (FuenteHernández et al. 2013).
4.11.2 Biohydrogen by Using Second-Generation Biomass
This kind of biomass is produced from forest as well as farm wastes, domestic waste,
residues of crops, wastewater, and so on. Out of this, the crop residues are the most
effective one as about 200 billion crop residues are produced across the globe
(Drapcho et al. 2008). Almost all the crop residues can be used as a source to
produce biohydrogen as the C:N ratio of the crop is at least 40. An important
parameter that has to be considered in this case is the ultimate water content present
in the case of some biochemical process as this is the parameter which has a major
effect on the energy production as well as the profit. From literatures, the moisture
content present in wheat straw, maize, as well as cabbage is about 10, 20, and 40%
(Lavoie et al. 2013). If the moisture content is too high, then the reaction will be
slow, and the yield will be low comparatively. So the pretreatment is an important
factor that has to be done in order to make the process more efficient and effective.
All these residues are biodegradable and can be accessed easily. So the production
process generates energy and releases water as the by-product.
The highest yield is obtained for many crop residues, out of which an important
one is sweet lime peel waste as it produces an amount of 198 mL H 2 /g. In the case of
lettuce as well as potato, it is found to be about 50 and 106 mL H 2 /g (Drapcho et al.
2008). This conversion of residues to bioenergy is an important target in order to
generate the energy which can be used as a substitute for many cases. Across the
world, an average of 10,000 MW energy is generated from this source alone which is
a huge amount.
4.11.3 Biohydrogen Production from Third-Generation
Biomass
The third-generation biomass includes a large number of microorganisms or the
consortium which is used to generate energy. For example, the organism Laminaria
japonica is used to treat the sludge for heat generation from sludge. Along with this,
the process is maintained at acidic pH so that a biohydrogen of about 71.4 mL/g TS
is obtained which is much higher (Shi et al. 2011). So the third-generation biomass is
much effective to produce a larger yield. Third-generation biofuels are thus related to
90
L. Gangadhar et al.
the production of the biofuel by the organism Clostridium beijerinckii produced
biohydrogen. When the conditions are maintained at an optimum rate, then the
amount produced is found to be 46.54 mL/L h. If a consortium is used in this
case, the rate increased, that is, to 2.34 mol H 2 /mol glucose supplied (FuenteHernández et al. 2013).
4.11.2 Biohydrogen by Using Second-Generation Biomass
This kind of biomass is produced from forest as well as farm wastes, domestic waste,
residues of crops, wastewater, and so on. Out of this, the crop residues are the most
effective one as about 200 billion crop residues are produced across the globe
(Drapcho et al. 2008). Almost all the crop residues can be used as a source to
produce biohydrogen as the C:N ratio of the crop is at least 40. An important
parameter that has to be considered in this case is the ultimate water content present
in the case of some biochemical process as this is the parameter which has a major
effect on the energy production as well as the profit. From literatures, the moisture
content present in wheat straw, maize, as well as cabbage is about 10, 20, and 40%
(Lavoie et al. 2013). If the moisture content is too high, then the reaction will be
slow, and the yield will be low comparatively. So the pretreatment is an important
factor that has to be done in order to make the process more efficient and effective.
All these residues are biodegradable and can be accessed easily. So the production
process generates energy and releases water as the by-product.
The highest yield is obtained for many crop residues, out of which an important
one is sweet lime peel waste as it produces an amount of 198 mL H 2 /g. In the case of
lettuce as well as potato, it is found to be about 50 and 106 mL H 2 /g (Drapcho et al.
2008). This conversion of residues to bioenergy is an important target in order to
generate the energy which can be used as a substitute for many cases. Across the
world, an average of 10,000 MW energy is generated from this source alone which is
a huge amount.
4.11.3 Biohydrogen Production from Third-Generation
Biomass
The third-generation biomass includes a large number of microorganisms or the
consortium which is used to generate energy. For example, the organism Laminaria
japonica is used to treat the sludge for heat generation from sludge. Along with this,
the process is maintained at acidic pH so that a biohydrogen of about 71.4 mL/g TS
is obtained which is much higher (Shi et al. 2011). So the third-generation biomass is
much effective to produce a larger yield. Third-generation biofuels are thus related to
90
L. Gangadhar et al.