50
R. Cie´ sli´ nski
lakes—Witobelskie, Łódzko-Dymaczewskie, Jarosławieckie. The three lakes experience strong human impact from both swimmers and people fishing. The only lake in
the park to allow sailing and water sports is Lake Łódzko-Dymaczewskie. A place to
build a campfire is also available along lake shores. Most lakes in the park are polluted
to a substantial degree [52]. The location of the park close to the Pozna´ n metropolitan
area yields the risk of overuse by urban visitors. Years of human impact due to a lack
of systematic wastewater treatment and lakeside tourism have contributed to significant degradation of the park’s lakes. Another growing problem in the park area is
increasing traffic. Other issues include increasing beaver activity in the lakes’ direct
catchment areas, which may contribute to the washing out of biogenic substances
from exposed areas. The catchments of many of the lakes are agricultural, which
further increases the influx of biogenic substances. However, the greatest threat to
surface water quality in the park is unregulated wastewater that enters lakes from
summer lodges located along lakes Łódzko-Dymaczewskie and Witobelskie [52].
Wigierski National Park—the most valuable features of the park are its lakes
and dystrophic postglacial lakes. The park includes 42 lakes with a total surface
area of 28 km
2 . The largest lake in the park is Lake Wigry. One group of lakes
in the park is unique on the Central European Plain—dystrophic postglacial lakes
known as suchary. These are small woodland lakes without an outlet. Their waters
are acidic and poor in calcium and rich in humus substances. The park includes 20
suchary lakes. Also, there are woodland lakes often surrounded by low bogs. The park
permits various forms of tourism including hiking, biking, skiing, and water sports.
Lakes in the park play a multitude of roles including environmental, educational,
research, and recreational roles. Eight lakes may be used for water sports. Sailing is
also allowed, as is fishing. The park is home to 15 tent areas and a beach. There are
also a number of businesses that rent water sports equipment as well as agritourism
farms [53]. Lakes in the park may be placed in two categories: (1) transitional lakes
characterized by a rise in fertility, (2) non-transitional lakes or suchary. Lake water in
the park is subject to a variety of factors including human impact and global climate
change. Illegal fishing is also a problem, as is the increasing number of tourists. The
park attempts to counter these challenges via action designed to maintain ecosystem
diversity and water organism diversity as well as by returning the park to its natural
state of functioning [53].
Woli ´
nski National Park includes 5 lakes in the Woli´ nski Lake District and two
artificial lakes called Turkusowe Lake and Stara Kredownia Lake. Water in the park
is systematically used for recreational purposes. Tourism remains an important part
of the park’s functioning. The largest tourist traffic is encountered along lakes Turkusowe, Czajcze, and Grodno [54]. The surface waters of the park are used for swimming on a regular basis as well as for limnology and biology research [55]. Water
quality in the park’s lakes is medium or low, even though some improvements in
water chemistry have been observed. The greatest threats to the park’s waters are
polder fishing, groundwater use, influx of household wastewater, poor state of local
wastewater treatment plants, decreasing water levels in lakes, and road infrastructure
[56].
R. Cie´ sli´ nski
lakes—Witobelskie, Łódzko-Dymaczewskie, Jarosławieckie. The three lakes experience strong human impact from both swimmers and people fishing. The only lake in
the park to allow sailing and water sports is Lake Łódzko-Dymaczewskie. A place to
build a campfire is also available along lake shores. Most lakes in the park are polluted
to a substantial degree [52]. The location of the park close to the Pozna´ n metropolitan
area yields the risk of overuse by urban visitors. Years of human impact due to a lack
of systematic wastewater treatment and lakeside tourism have contributed to significant degradation of the park’s lakes. Another growing problem in the park area is
increasing traffic. Other issues include increasing beaver activity in the lakes’ direct
catchment areas, which may contribute to the washing out of biogenic substances
from exposed areas. The catchments of many of the lakes are agricultural, which
further increases the influx of biogenic substances. However, the greatest threat to
surface water quality in the park is unregulated wastewater that enters lakes from
summer lodges located along lakes Łódzko-Dymaczewskie and Witobelskie [52].
Wigierski National Park—the most valuable features of the park are its lakes
and dystrophic postglacial lakes. The park includes 42 lakes with a total surface
area of 28 km
2 . The largest lake in the park is Lake Wigry. One group of lakes
in the park is unique on the Central European Plain—dystrophic postglacial lakes
known as suchary. These are small woodland lakes without an outlet. Their waters
are acidic and poor in calcium and rich in humus substances. The park includes 20
suchary lakes. Also, there are woodland lakes often surrounded by low bogs. The park
permits various forms of tourism including hiking, biking, skiing, and water sports.
Lakes in the park play a multitude of roles including environmental, educational,
research, and recreational roles. Eight lakes may be used for water sports. Sailing is
also allowed, as is fishing. The park is home to 15 tent areas and a beach. There are
also a number of businesses that rent water sports equipment as well as agritourism
farms [53]. Lakes in the park may be placed in two categories: (1) transitional lakes
characterized by a rise in fertility, (2) non-transitional lakes or suchary. Lake water in
the park is subject to a variety of factors including human impact and global climate
change. Illegal fishing is also a problem, as is the increasing number of tourists. The
park attempts to counter these challenges via action designed to maintain ecosystem
diversity and water organism diversity as well as by returning the park to its natural
state of functioning [53].
Woli ´
nski National Park includes 5 lakes in the Woli´ nski Lake District and two
artificial lakes called Turkusowe Lake and Stara Kredownia Lake. Water in the park
is systematically used for recreational purposes. Tourism remains an important part
of the park’s functioning. The largest tourist traffic is encountered along lakes Turkusowe, Czajcze, and Grodno [54]. The surface waters of the park are used for swimming on a regular basis as well as for limnology and biology research [55]. Water
quality in the park’s lakes is medium or low, even though some improvements in
water chemistry have been observed. The greatest threats to the park’s waters are
polder fishing, groundwater use, influx of household wastewater, poor state of local
wastewater treatment plants, decreasing water levels in lakes, and road infrastructure
[56].