12 Sediment Management in River Basins: An Essential Element …
273
Anthropogenic sources of dredge origin are mainly wastewater. It is estimated that
in Poland, the amount of industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater discharged
into surface waters every year in 2005–2014 was from 8.9 to 9.2 km
3 [73]. An example
of an urban reservoir filled with wastewater dredge is an artificial urban reservoir
called “Regatta Track” on the Brda River in Bydgoszcz. The research shows that
between 350 and 500 thous. m
3 of sewage sediment accumulate in the upstreamed
section of the river [74]. In the past, Brda in Bydgoszcz was a receiver of untreated
municipal, industrial and rainwater sewage. At the beginning of the present century,
as much as 16.6% of the sewage discharged here was raw wastewater [75].
12.3 Sediment Transport Monitoring
Methods of research on suspended sediment transport were related to monitoring
institutions in Poland. From the 1950s to the 1990s, the measurements of water
turbidity were conducted by the National Hydrological and Meteorological Institute
(PIHM)—from 1973 as the Research Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW). The monitoring network was connected with the stations of the basic
hydrological observation network. Observations of water turbidity took place only
on the part of the stations (Fig. 12.3). After Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004
and the ratification of the records of the WFD, suspended sediment monitoring has
become part of the “Pa´ nstwowy Monitoring ´
Srodowiska” (SEM), constituting one
of the elements determining the ecological status of waters [76]. At the local level,
monitoring is carried out by Voivodship Inspectorates for Environmental Protection.
The number of posts has increased significantly—1106 in the water cycle 2010–2012
[77].
Sampling by IMGW was carried out according to the methodology developed by
Bra´ nski [62] with the help of the slowly filling bathometer. This method is one of
those commonly used in sedimentology [78]. Depending on the type of river and
the amount of water run, sampling took place at single-point or many-points in the
cross-section of the river channel. A sample of water with a minimum volume of 2 l
was collected in 15–30 s. The sample collection within the SEM with a volume of 1
l, takes place only at one point in the transverse profile of the channel in accordance
with the records of the Polish/European Standard [79].
The laboratory markings for both systems consisted of the weight markings
of the amount of the total suspended material in the water sample in mg·l
−1 by
drying it. The differences in the applied methods resulted only in the volume of
the filtered sample (IMGW—2 l, SEM—1 l) and the type of filters used (IMGW—
paper filters, SEM—glass fiber filters with pore size: 0.7 µm). The marking method
of suspension was done according to Polish/European Standard [79] used outside
Poland also in: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Greece, Spain, Netherlands, Ireland, Iceland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta,
Germany, Norway, Portugal, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland,
Sweden, Hungary, Italy, and the UK.
273
Anthropogenic sources of dredge origin are mainly wastewater. It is estimated that
in Poland, the amount of industrial wastewater and municipal wastewater discharged
into surface waters every year in 2005–2014 was from 8.9 to 9.2 km
3 [73]. An example
of an urban reservoir filled with wastewater dredge is an artificial urban reservoir
called “Regatta Track” on the Brda River in Bydgoszcz. The research shows that
between 350 and 500 thous. m
3 of sewage sediment accumulate in the upstreamed
section of the river [74]. In the past, Brda in Bydgoszcz was a receiver of untreated
municipal, industrial and rainwater sewage. At the beginning of the present century,
as much as 16.6% of the sewage discharged here was raw wastewater [75].
12.3 Sediment Transport Monitoring
Methods of research on suspended sediment transport were related to monitoring
institutions in Poland. From the 1950s to the 1990s, the measurements of water
turbidity were conducted by the National Hydrological and Meteorological Institute
(PIHM)—from 1973 as the Research Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW). The monitoring network was connected with the stations of the basic
hydrological observation network. Observations of water turbidity took place only
on the part of the stations (Fig. 12.3). After Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004
and the ratification of the records of the WFD, suspended sediment monitoring has
become part of the “Pa´ nstwowy Monitoring ´
Srodowiska” (SEM), constituting one
of the elements determining the ecological status of waters [76]. At the local level,
monitoring is carried out by Voivodship Inspectorates for Environmental Protection.
The number of posts has increased significantly—1106 in the water cycle 2010–2012
[77].
Sampling by IMGW was carried out according to the methodology developed by
Bra´ nski [62] with the help of the slowly filling bathometer. This method is one of
those commonly used in sedimentology [78]. Depending on the type of river and
the amount of water run, sampling took place at single-point or many-points in the
cross-section of the river channel. A sample of water with a minimum volume of 2 l
was collected in 15–30 s. The sample collection within the SEM with a volume of 1
l, takes place only at one point in the transverse profile of the channel in accordance
with the records of the Polish/European Standard [79].
The laboratory markings for both systems consisted of the weight markings
of the amount of the total suspended material in the water sample in mg·l
−1 by
drying it. The differences in the applied methods resulted only in the volume of
the filtered sample (IMGW—2 l, SEM—1 l) and the type of filters used (IMGW—
paper filters, SEM—glass fiber filters with pore size: 0.7 µm). The marking method
of suspension was done according to Polish/European Standard [79] used outside
Poland also in: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Greece, Spain, Netherlands, Ireland, Iceland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta,
Germany, Norway, Portugal, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland,
Sweden, Hungary, Italy, and the UK.