11 Monitoring of Groundwater Quality in Poland
247
Table 11.5 Minimum and maximum concentrations of major ions
Ion [mg/dm 3 ] Quaternary
aquifer
Palaeogene and
Neogene aquifer
Cretaceous
Aquifer
Jurassic aquifer
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
HCO 3
60
368.5
43
443
55
492
29
432
SO 4
6.42
640
<0.05
149
1.41
171
0.63
580
Cl
6.31
640
3.29
620
2.49
2200
2.46
290
Ca
32.8
184.6
20.2
111.5
23.00
155.3
20.7
107.9
Mg
4.3
38.8
2.68
35.9
2.2
54.6
1.0
159.5
Na
3.3
377.4
1.4
433.2
2.1
1358.7
1.9
229.6
K
0.7
10.7
1
9.3
0.9
83.3
<0.05
23.9
Fe
<0.01
93.98 <0.01
17.74 <0.01
8.16 <0.01
6.64
Mn
0
2.25 <0.001
1.25
0.0
0.17 <0.001
4.56
NO 3
0.17
69.9
0.09
26.75
0.09
81.9
<0.03
25.2
NO 2
<0.01
0.07 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01
0.04
NH 4
<0.05
1.48 <0.05
1.48 <0.05
2.48 <0.05
1.27
water regions of Vistula and Oder basins, the description of chemical properties of
water in the following areas has been made (Fig. 11.8):
• Baltic Sea-Shore Zone
• Lake Districts Zone
• Lowlands Zone
• Uplands Zone
• Mountains Zone—The Sudetes
• Mountains Zone—The Carpathians
11.4.1 Baltic Sea-Shore Zone
In the marginal zone of ˙
Zuławy Wi´ slane, the Pleistocene and Holocene groundwater
represents mainly the HCO 3 –Ca type. The further away from the edge of the upland,
the greater the amount of water flowing from a deeper level, locally altering the
chemical composition of water to the Cl–Na type. At the Cretaceous level there
occurs mainly groundwater of the Cl–HCO 3 –Na type [6–8]. The ingredient which
plays the most decisive role when it comes to water quality is the salinity reaching
the level of 4000 mgCl/dm
3 in the Cretaceous aquifer and 3100 mgCl/dm
3 in the
Pleistocene and Holocene aquifer [9].
The water quality here represents mainly class II and III, locally even class IV.
Such a state of affairs results from high concentrations of Fe and Mn, which exceed
the limits admissible in potable water. In the remaining area, in the eastern and
western Pomerania region according to the regional division, groundwater occurs in
247
Table 11.5 Minimum and maximum concentrations of major ions
Ion [mg/dm 3 ] Quaternary
aquifer
Palaeogene and
Neogene aquifer
Cretaceous
Aquifer
Jurassic aquifer
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
Min
Max
HCO 3
60
368.5
43
443
55
492
29
432
SO 4
6.42
640
<0.05
149
1.41
171
0.63
580
Cl
6.31
640
3.29
620
2.49
2200
2.46
290
Ca
32.8
184.6
20.2
111.5
23.00
155.3
20.7
107.9
Mg
4.3
38.8
2.68
35.9
2.2
54.6
1.0
159.5
Na
3.3
377.4
1.4
433.2
2.1
1358.7
1.9
229.6
K
0.7
10.7
1
9.3
0.9
83.3
<0.05
23.9
Fe
<0.01
93.98 <0.01
17.74 <0.01
8.16 <0.01
6.64
Mn
0
2.25 <0.001
1.25
0.0
0.17 <0.001
4.56
NO 3
0.17
69.9
0.09
26.75
0.09
81.9
<0.03
25.2
NO 2
<0.01
0.07 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01
0.04
NH 4
<0.05
1.48 <0.05
1.48 <0.05
2.48 <0.05
1.27
water regions of Vistula and Oder basins, the description of chemical properties of
water in the following areas has been made (Fig. 11.8):
• Baltic Sea-Shore Zone
• Lake Districts Zone
• Lowlands Zone
• Uplands Zone
• Mountains Zone—The Sudetes
• Mountains Zone—The Carpathians
11.4.1 Baltic Sea-Shore Zone
In the marginal zone of ˙
Zuławy Wi´ slane, the Pleistocene and Holocene groundwater
represents mainly the HCO 3 –Ca type. The further away from the edge of the upland,
the greater the amount of water flowing from a deeper level, locally altering the
chemical composition of water to the Cl–Na type. At the Cretaceous level there
occurs mainly groundwater of the Cl–HCO 3 –Na type [6–8]. The ingredient which
plays the most decisive role when it comes to water quality is the salinity reaching
the level of 4000 mgCl/dm
3 in the Cretaceous aquifer and 3100 mgCl/dm
3 in the
Pleistocene and Holocene aquifer [9].
The water quality here represents mainly class II and III, locally even class IV.
Such a state of affairs results from high concentrations of Fe and Mn, which exceed
the limits admissible in potable water. In the remaining area, in the eastern and
western Pomerania region according to the regional division, groundwater occurs in