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J. Kubiak and S. Machula
concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll “a” in surface waters and
summer visibility, as well as additional indicators, i.e. summer concentration of total
nitrogen in surface waters (TN), TN to TP ratio, algae biomass and percentage of
cyanobacteria in biomass.
The necessity of research on the state of surface waters in our country also results
from the fact of integration with the European Union, which requires harmonization
of the law, also in the field of water protection. Legislative measures have been taken
in the Union to create programs for the renewal of degraded aquatic ecosystems
[62]. The associated countries decided to develop programs for specific catchments
that would allow, among others, to counteract ecological degradation and to restore
degraded surface waters. Until the end of 2010, these activities were to achieve homeostasis [62]. At the same time, members of the Union were obliged to: elaborate the
characteristics of the river basin, review the impact of human activities on the status
of surface and groundwater, identify all relevant water resources used as drinking
water sources, to develop river basin management plans [63]. In Poland, legislative
measures have been taken to adapt Polish law in the field of environmental protection to EU law, which were to lead to water management, in accordance with the
principle of sustainable development, and the solutions it contains serve to achieve
good ecological status [64].
Lakes are dynamic ecosystems that change over time and aim to enrich and
intensify biological production. The occurrence of biogenic elements in lake waters
depends on many factors that affect their complex bio-geochemical cycles, defining
the circulation between biotic and abiotic elements [3, 65]. Transport, exchange, and
redistribution of mineral matter originating from biogeochemical processes, organic
matter arising in the ecosystem and pollutants introduced into the environment are
processes determining the direction and rate of lakes evolution [28, 32]. In local
conditions, these processes depend on a whole set of factors: climate, hydrological,
hydrogeological, and soil in the catchment area. Additionally, they are conditioned
by morphometric traits as well as hydrochemical relations of the reservoir [3, 4, 31,
65]. The dynamics of water masses [66], the functioning of its biocenosis and the
exchange of elements between the solid phase and the solution [4, 30, 65] also play an
important role in the lake. Rational management of lake resources requires learning
all the aforementioned features of each of the reservoirs, as well as identifying the
sources of their pollution.
The rate of matter circulation in the lake, including the rate of reactivation of
biogens from the bottom layers, depends on the dynamics of water masses [66]. In
the case of similar abundance in nitrogen and phosphorus, the primary production is
characterized by lakes with faster circulation of matter, where mixing is more intense.
Olszewski [29] acknowledges that its exponent is thermal systems. They are subject
to modification through the influence of wind, the intensity of which depends on the
morphological features of the bowls [67]. These dependencies determine the level of
tank stratification, the intensity of exchange between epilimnion and hypolimnion,
and between water and bottom; they are widely discussed by many authors [4, 30, 57].
J. Kubiak and S. Machula
concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll “a” in surface waters and
summer visibility, as well as additional indicators, i.e. summer concentration of total
nitrogen in surface waters (TN), TN to TP ratio, algae biomass and percentage of
cyanobacteria in biomass.
The necessity of research on the state of surface waters in our country also results
from the fact of integration with the European Union, which requires harmonization
of the law, also in the field of water protection. Legislative measures have been taken
in the Union to create programs for the renewal of degraded aquatic ecosystems
[62]. The associated countries decided to develop programs for specific catchments
that would allow, among others, to counteract ecological degradation and to restore
degraded surface waters. Until the end of 2010, these activities were to achieve homeostasis [62]. At the same time, members of the Union were obliged to: elaborate the
characteristics of the river basin, review the impact of human activities on the status
of surface and groundwater, identify all relevant water resources used as drinking
water sources, to develop river basin management plans [63]. In Poland, legislative
measures have been taken to adapt Polish law in the field of environmental protection to EU law, which were to lead to water management, in accordance with the
principle of sustainable development, and the solutions it contains serve to achieve
good ecological status [64].
Lakes are dynamic ecosystems that change over time and aim to enrich and
intensify biological production. The occurrence of biogenic elements in lake waters
depends on many factors that affect their complex bio-geochemical cycles, defining
the circulation between biotic and abiotic elements [3, 65]. Transport, exchange, and
redistribution of mineral matter originating from biogeochemical processes, organic
matter arising in the ecosystem and pollutants introduced into the environment are
processes determining the direction and rate of lakes evolution [28, 32]. In local
conditions, these processes depend on a whole set of factors: climate, hydrological,
hydrogeological, and soil in the catchment area. Additionally, they are conditioned
by morphometric traits as well as hydrochemical relations of the reservoir [3, 4, 31,
65]. The dynamics of water masses [66], the functioning of its biocenosis and the
exchange of elements between the solid phase and the solution [4, 30, 65] also play an
important role in the lake. Rational management of lake resources requires learning
all the aforementioned features of each of the reservoirs, as well as identifying the
sources of their pollution.
The rate of matter circulation in the lake, including the rate of reactivation of
biogens from the bottom layers, depends on the dynamics of water masses [66]. In
the case of similar abundance in nitrogen and phosphorus, the primary production is
characterized by lakes with faster circulation of matter, where mixing is more intense.
Olszewski [29] acknowledges that its exponent is thermal systems. They are subject
to modification through the influence of wind, the intensity of which depends on the
morphological features of the bowls [67]. These dependencies determine the level of
tank stratification, the intensity of exchange between epilimnion and hypolimnion,
and between water and bottom; they are widely discussed by many authors [4, 30, 57].