1 Introduction to the “Quality of Water Resources in Poland”
7
characteristics (SEC, Total hardness, BOD5, TOC, TN, TP) characterising particular
types of pollution has shown that there are rivers with high levels of pollution in
catchments in Wielkopolska, Kujawy and Górny ´
Sl˛ ask. There are very low and low
levels of pollution in mountain and foothill rivers of the Carpathians and Sudetes, and
in the Pomorze region of northern Poland. The longest rivers in Poland (the Vistula
and the Oder) and their main tributaries have different water qualities that vary along
their courses.
The chapter “Water Quality in Main Dam Water Reservoirs in Poland”
presents the assessment of water quality in the main Polish water reservoirs based on
data available from the State Environmental Monitoring. The chapter also contains
selected aspects of water quality determinants in water reservoirs, indicating hydrological factors and factors resulting from the method of reservoir management. The
water quality features presented in the chapter are based on the analysis of the
following physical, chemical and biological parameters: dissolved oxygen, BZT5,
TOC, conductivity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, phosphates,
phytoplankton (IFPL) and phytobenthos (IO). On this basis, the status of dam reservoirs was classified and assessed. The general classification of the rated reservoirs
indicates a good general condition of the reservoirs located in the Carpathian Mountains. Other tested reservoirs have poor water condition. The last part of the chapter
presents a continuous monitoring system carried out on the “Goczałkowice” reservoir, which is one of the main sources of water supply for the Silesian Metropolis.
The principles of construction of this system were discussed and selected results
and recommendations were presented indicating the purposefulness of using such a
method of assessing the quality of water in tanks used for drinking water supply.
The chapter in this part of the work concerns “Water Quality and Ecosystem
Modeling: Practical Application on Lakes and Reservoirs”. The chapter presents
mathematical models as a tool supporting the management of lakes and reservoirs,
especially in the case of complex environmental problems or lack of data required for
pressure analyzes and forecasts. Several practical applications of 3D dynamic models
were presented and the need and usefulness of such applications were confirmed. The
most attention was paid to three-dimensional, dynamic models of aquatic ecosystems,
in particular to the AEM3D model and the combination of ELCOM and CAEDYM
models. Examples of using these models in Poland include one natural lake (Ł˛ ekuk
Wielki), which is part of the Integrated Monitoring of the Natural Environment in
Poland. The remaining four examples are dam reservoirs from 0.1 to 32 km
2 , i.e.
Rogo´ znik I, Paprocany, Kozłowa Góra and Goczałkowice. In the case of Lake Ł˛ ekuk,
the Great Model proved to be a useful tool supplementing the monitoring system with
detailed information on the dynamics of temperature and water flow, recognized as
key factors affecting water quality and the water ecosystem. In the case of water
reservoirs, the presented applications of the models include an online water quality
information system; analysis of the impact of tank dredging on the transport of
pollutants to the water intake; simulation of the impact of damming levels, winds,
inflow speed and nutrient load reduction on retention time and water quality; and
finally, an assessment of the effects of restoring the natural catchment area and an
assessment of the operation of the solid barrier partially isolating the bathing area.
7
characteristics (SEC, Total hardness, BOD5, TOC, TN, TP) characterising particular
types of pollution has shown that there are rivers with high levels of pollution in
catchments in Wielkopolska, Kujawy and Górny ´
Sl˛ ask. There are very low and low
levels of pollution in mountain and foothill rivers of the Carpathians and Sudetes, and
in the Pomorze region of northern Poland. The longest rivers in Poland (the Vistula
and the Oder) and their main tributaries have different water qualities that vary along
their courses.
The chapter “Water Quality in Main Dam Water Reservoirs in Poland”
presents the assessment of water quality in the main Polish water reservoirs based on
data available from the State Environmental Monitoring. The chapter also contains
selected aspects of water quality determinants in water reservoirs, indicating hydrological factors and factors resulting from the method of reservoir management. The
water quality features presented in the chapter are based on the analysis of the
following physical, chemical and biological parameters: dissolved oxygen, BZT5,
TOC, conductivity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, phosphates,
phytoplankton (IFPL) and phytobenthos (IO). On this basis, the status of dam reservoirs was classified and assessed. The general classification of the rated reservoirs
indicates a good general condition of the reservoirs located in the Carpathian Mountains. Other tested reservoirs have poor water condition. The last part of the chapter
presents a continuous monitoring system carried out on the “Goczałkowice” reservoir, which is one of the main sources of water supply for the Silesian Metropolis.
The principles of construction of this system were discussed and selected results
and recommendations were presented indicating the purposefulness of using such a
method of assessing the quality of water in tanks used for drinking water supply.
The chapter in this part of the work concerns “Water Quality and Ecosystem
Modeling: Practical Application on Lakes and Reservoirs”. The chapter presents
mathematical models as a tool supporting the management of lakes and reservoirs,
especially in the case of complex environmental problems or lack of data required for
pressure analyzes and forecasts. Several practical applications of 3D dynamic models
were presented and the need and usefulness of such applications were confirmed. The
most attention was paid to three-dimensional, dynamic models of aquatic ecosystems,
in particular to the AEM3D model and the combination of ELCOM and CAEDYM
models. Examples of using these models in Poland include one natural lake (Ł˛ ekuk
Wielki), which is part of the Integrated Monitoring of the Natural Environment in
Poland. The remaining four examples are dam reservoirs from 0.1 to 32 km
2 , i.e.
Rogo´ znik I, Paprocany, Kozłowa Góra and Goczałkowice. In the case of Lake Ł˛ ekuk,
the Great Model proved to be a useful tool supplementing the monitoring system with
detailed information on the dynamics of temperature and water flow, recognized as
key factors affecting water quality and the water ecosystem. In the case of water
reservoirs, the presented applications of the models include an online water quality
information system; analysis of the impact of tank dredging on the transport of
pollutants to the water intake; simulation of the impact of damming levels, winds,
inflow speed and nutrient load reduction on retention time and water quality; and
finally, an assessment of the effects of restoring the natural catchment area and an
assessment of the operation of the solid barrier partially isolating the bathing area.