6
K. Kubiak-Wójcicka et al.
artificial bodies of water, the following types are most often distinguished: reservoirs
impounded by dams, flooded mineral workings, levee ponds, water bodies formed in
subsidence basins and hollows, artificial pools and industrial ponds. Water bodies in
Poland function in quasi-natural areas as well as under conditions of varied agricultural or urban-industrial human pressure. Their environment determines the course of
limnic processes which are characteristic of lentic waters, e.g. water circulation, water
level fluctuations, thermal processes, oxygen conditions, ice phenomena, changes in
water fertility, salinity levels and others. Artificial water bodies in Poland mostly serve
numerous functions despite the many environmental protection problems related to
the lentic water environment, e.g. eutrophication, salinisation. Together with their
immediate surroundings, they fulfil important natural and landscape roles. Storage
reservoirs are used primarily for economic purposes such as water supply, flood
protection, recreation and tourism, the breeding of fish and other aquatic organisms,
energy production, inland transport, the extraction of mineral resources, etc.
Chapter 5 entitled “Irrigation and Drainage in Polish Agriculture: State, problems and needs” discusses the need for irrigation and drainage of agricultural areas in
Poland. Irrigation and drainage systems and devices are in poor condition in Poland.
Melioration equipment and systems on reclaimed agricultural land are usually in
poor technical condition. Detailed melioration equipment is maintained on less than
half of the meliorated area of agricultural land. Economic situation in agriculture and
lack of sufficient funds for farmers, farmer associations and local government units
responsible for amelioration in the catchment, are the main reasons for the negligence of the proper use of the melioration systems and facilities. There is a reduced
interest in the use of water devices. The authors believe that various measures should
be taken to adapt existing drainage systems to extreme meteorological events arising
from climate change, to improve operation, maintenance and management.
Summing up this part of the volume, it should be pointed out that Poland’s water
resources are small and therefore require proper management. Proposals to increase
the amount of water resources within the catchment area indicate specific technical
actions.
1.4 Water Quality Evaluation
Part II of the volume is entitled “Water Quality Evaluation”. This section consists
of 10 chapters. The chapter “Quality Assessment of Water Resources of River in
Poland”. The chapter presents the assessment of water quality in Polish rivers examined in the years 2010–2015 as part of the State Environmental Monitoring Program.
The chapter presents an assessment of water quality in Polish rivers as examined in
2010–2015 under the State Environmental Monitoring Programme. Using selected
averaged physicochemical indicator values, an analysis was made of the spatial variability of mineral pollution (SEC, Total hardness), organic pollution (BOD, TOC)
and biogenic pollution (TN and TP) in the rivers of the catchments and subcatchments of the Vistula, the Oder, and the Baltic Sea. Graded indexation of six quality
K. Kubiak-Wójcicka et al.
artificial bodies of water, the following types are most often distinguished: reservoirs
impounded by dams, flooded mineral workings, levee ponds, water bodies formed in
subsidence basins and hollows, artificial pools and industrial ponds. Water bodies in
Poland function in quasi-natural areas as well as under conditions of varied agricultural or urban-industrial human pressure. Their environment determines the course of
limnic processes which are characteristic of lentic waters, e.g. water circulation, water
level fluctuations, thermal processes, oxygen conditions, ice phenomena, changes in
water fertility, salinity levels and others. Artificial water bodies in Poland mostly serve
numerous functions despite the many environmental protection problems related to
the lentic water environment, e.g. eutrophication, salinisation. Together with their
immediate surroundings, they fulfil important natural and landscape roles. Storage
reservoirs are used primarily for economic purposes such as water supply, flood
protection, recreation and tourism, the breeding of fish and other aquatic organisms,
energy production, inland transport, the extraction of mineral resources, etc.
Chapter 5 entitled “Irrigation and Drainage in Polish Agriculture: State, problems and needs” discusses the need for irrigation and drainage of agricultural areas in
Poland. Irrigation and drainage systems and devices are in poor condition in Poland.
Melioration equipment and systems on reclaimed agricultural land are usually in
poor technical condition. Detailed melioration equipment is maintained on less than
half of the meliorated area of agricultural land. Economic situation in agriculture and
lack of sufficient funds for farmers, farmer associations and local government units
responsible for amelioration in the catchment, are the main reasons for the negligence of the proper use of the melioration systems and facilities. There is a reduced
interest in the use of water devices. The authors believe that various measures should
be taken to adapt existing drainage systems to extreme meteorological events arising
from climate change, to improve operation, maintenance and management.
Summing up this part of the volume, it should be pointed out that Poland’s water
resources are small and therefore require proper management. Proposals to increase
the amount of water resources within the catchment area indicate specific technical
actions.
1.4 Water Quality Evaluation
Part II of the volume is entitled “Water Quality Evaluation”. This section consists
of 10 chapters. The chapter “Quality Assessment of Water Resources of River in
Poland”. The chapter presents the assessment of water quality in Polish rivers examined in the years 2010–2015 as part of the State Environmental Monitoring Program.
The chapter presents an assessment of water quality in Polish rivers as examined in
2010–2015 under the State Environmental Monitoring Programme. Using selected
averaged physicochemical indicator values, an analysis was made of the spatial variability of mineral pollution (SEC, Total hardness), organic pollution (BOD, TOC)
and biogenic pollution (TN and TP) in the rivers of the catchments and subcatchments of the Vistula, the Oder, and the Baltic Sea. Graded indexation of six quality