43. Wiedenmann A, Krüger P, Dietz K et al (2006) A randomized controlled trial assessing
infectious disease risks from bathing in fresh recreational waters in relation to the concentration
of Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and somatic coliphages.
Environ Health Perspect 114:228–236
44. Marion JW, Lee J, Lemeshow S et al (2010) Association of gastrointestinal illness and
recreational water exposure at an inland U.S. beach. Water Res 44:4796–4804. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.065
45. Dufour AP (1984) Health effects criteria for fresh recreational waters. US Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, p 42
46. Cabelli VJ, Dufour AP, McCabe LJ et al (1982) Swimming-associated gastroenteritis and water
quality. Am J Epidemiol 115:606–616
47. van Asperen IA, Medema G, Borgdorff MW et al (1998) Risk of gastroenteritis among
triathletes in relation to faecal pollution of fresh waters. Int J Epidemiol 27:309–315
48. Duboudin C (2004) Qualité microbiologique des eaux de baignade. Analyse statistique des
niveaux de risque et des seuils proposés par le projet de révision de la directive 76/160/CEE.
Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire et Environnementale, Paris, p 114
49. Vermeulen LC, Hofstra N (2014) Influence of climate variables on the concentration of
Escherichia coli in the Rhine, Meuse, and Drentse Aa during 1985-2010. Reg Environ Chang
14:307–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0492-9
50. Mouchel JM, Colina-Moreno I, Kasmi N (2018) Évaluation des teneurs en bactéries indicatrices
fécales en Seine dans l’agglomération parisienne par temps sec. Report for the City of Paris and
the Water Agency Seine-Normandy, p 79
51. Craun GF, Calderon RL, Craun MF (2003) Waterborne outbreaks in the United States,
1971–2000. In: Pontius FW (ed) Drinking water regulation and health. Wiley, Hoboken,
pp 45–69
52. https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/surveillance/rec-water-surveillance-reports.html and references herein
53. Enserink R, Lugner A, Suijkerbuijk A et al (2014) Gastrointestinal and respiratory illness in
children that do and do not attend child day care centers: a cost-of-illness study. PLoS One 9(8):
e104940
54. Gerba CP, Rose JB, Haas CN (1996) Sensitive populations: who is at the greatest risk? Int J
Food Microbiol 30(1–2):113–123
55. Blacklow N, Greenberg H (1991) Medical progress – Viral gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med
325:252–264
56. Cantalupo PG, Calgua B, Zhao G et al (2011) Raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations.
mBio 2(5):e00180–e00111
57. Lodder WJ, Rutjes SA, Takumi K et al (2013) Aichi virus in sewage and surface water, the
Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 19(8):1222–1230
58. Kirby AE, Teunis PF, Moe CL (2011) Two human challenge studies confirm high infectivity of
Norwalk virus. J Infect Dis 211(1):166–167
59. Contreras-Coll N, Lucena F, Mooijman K et al (2002) Occurrence and levels of indicator
bacteriophages in bathing waters throughout Europe. Water Res 36(20):4963–4974
60. Tree JA, Adams MR, Lees DN (2003) Chlorination of indicator bacteria and viruses in primary
sewage effluent. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(4):2038–2043
61. Prevost B, Goulet M, Lucas FS et al (2016) Viral persistence in surface and drinking water:
suitability of PCR pre-treatment with intercalating dyes. Water Res 91:68–76
62. Kitajima M, Haramoto E, Phanuwan C et al (2012) Molecular detection and genotyping of
human noroviruses in influent and effluent water at a wastewater treatment plant in Japan.
J Appl Microbiol 112(3):605–613
63. Fayer R (2004) Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol 126
(1–2):37–56
352
J.-M. Mouchel et al.
infectious disease risks from bathing in fresh recreational waters in relation to the concentration
of Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens, and somatic coliphages.
Environ Health Perspect 114:228–236
44. Marion JW, Lee J, Lemeshow S et al (2010) Association of gastrointestinal illness and
recreational water exposure at an inland U.S. beach. Water Res 44:4796–4804. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.065
45. Dufour AP (1984) Health effects criteria for fresh recreational waters. US Environmental
Protection Agency, Cincinnati, p 42
46. Cabelli VJ, Dufour AP, McCabe LJ et al (1982) Swimming-associated gastroenteritis and water
quality. Am J Epidemiol 115:606–616
47. van Asperen IA, Medema G, Borgdorff MW et al (1998) Risk of gastroenteritis among
triathletes in relation to faecal pollution of fresh waters. Int J Epidemiol 27:309–315
48. Duboudin C (2004) Qualité microbiologique des eaux de baignade. Analyse statistique des
niveaux de risque et des seuils proposés par le projet de révision de la directive 76/160/CEE.
Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire et Environnementale, Paris, p 114
49. Vermeulen LC, Hofstra N (2014) Influence of climate variables on the concentration of
Escherichia coli in the Rhine, Meuse, and Drentse Aa during 1985-2010. Reg Environ Chang
14:307–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0492-9
50. Mouchel JM, Colina-Moreno I, Kasmi N (2018) Évaluation des teneurs en bactéries indicatrices
fécales en Seine dans l’agglomération parisienne par temps sec. Report for the City of Paris and
the Water Agency Seine-Normandy, p 79
51. Craun GF, Calderon RL, Craun MF (2003) Waterborne outbreaks in the United States,
1971–2000. In: Pontius FW (ed) Drinking water regulation and health. Wiley, Hoboken,
pp 45–69
52. https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/surveillance/rec-water-surveillance-reports.html and references herein
53. Enserink R, Lugner A, Suijkerbuijk A et al (2014) Gastrointestinal and respiratory illness in
children that do and do not attend child day care centers: a cost-of-illness study. PLoS One 9(8):
e104940
54. Gerba CP, Rose JB, Haas CN (1996) Sensitive populations: who is at the greatest risk? Int J
Food Microbiol 30(1–2):113–123
55. Blacklow N, Greenberg H (1991) Medical progress – Viral gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med
325:252–264
56. Cantalupo PG, Calgua B, Zhao G et al (2011) Raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations.
mBio 2(5):e00180–e00111
57. Lodder WJ, Rutjes SA, Takumi K et al (2013) Aichi virus in sewage and surface water, the
Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 19(8):1222–1230
58. Kirby AE, Teunis PF, Moe CL (2011) Two human challenge studies confirm high infectivity of
Norwalk virus. J Infect Dis 211(1):166–167
59. Contreras-Coll N, Lucena F, Mooijman K et al (2002) Occurrence and levels of indicator
bacteriophages in bathing waters throughout Europe. Water Res 36(20):4963–4974
60. Tree JA, Adams MR, Lees DN (2003) Chlorination of indicator bacteria and viruses in primary
sewage effluent. Appl Environ Microbiol 69(4):2038–2043
61. Prevost B, Goulet M, Lucas FS et al (2016) Viral persistence in surface and drinking water:
suitability of PCR pre-treatment with intercalating dyes. Water Res 91:68–76
62. Kitajima M, Haramoto E, Phanuwan C et al (2012) Molecular detection and genotyping of
human noroviruses in influent and effluent water at a wastewater treatment plant in Japan.
J Appl Microbiol 112(3):605–613
63. Fayer R (2004) Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol 126
(1–2):37–56
352
J.-M. Mouchel et al.