57
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Green Adsorbents to Remove Metals, Dyes and Boron
from Polluted Water, Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 49,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_3
Chapter 3
Metal Oxyhydroxide Composites
for Halogens and Metalloid Removal
Esmeralda Vences-Alvarez , Cesar Nieto-Delgado ,
and Jose Rene Rangel- Mendez
Contents
3.1 Introduction to Halogens and Metalloid Water Pollution
58
3.2 General Strategies for Arsenic and Fluoride Removal from Water
61
3.2.1 Coagulation and Flocculation
61
3.2.2 Ion Exchange
63
3.2.3 Membrane Filtration
64
3.2.4 Adsorption
66
3.3 Metal Oxyhydroxides for Adsorption
69
3.3.1 Fluoride Adsorption on Metal Oxyhydroxides
72
3.3.2 Arsenic Adsorption on Metal Oxyhydroxides
73
3.4 Synthesis of Metal Oxyhydroxide-Based Materials for Adsorption
75
3.4.1 Natural Metal Oxyhydroxides
75
3.4.2 Bimetallic Oxyhydroxides
76
3.4.3 Anchorage of Metal Oxyhydroxides onto Granular Carbon Materials
77
3.4.4 Particle Size Control of Metal Oxides Using Capping Agents
79
3.5 Conclusions
81
References
82
Abstract The occurrence of pollutants in drinking water sources has become a
serious problem worldwide. Sometimes, the contamination is not even related to
human activities but occurs naturally during the weathering of minerals in water
reservoirs. This is the typical case for arsenic- and fluoride-polluted human consumption water sources, which is a well-documented problem that impacts millions
of people worldwide. Due to the health affectation to humans, the permissible concentration limit of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water is very low, 10 μg/L and
1.5 mg/L, respectively. Therefore, purifying water to reach those levels in a costeffective way has become a real challenge. In this chapter, we first reviewed the
E. Vences-Alvarez · C. Nieto-Delgado · J. R. Rangel-Mendez (*)
Division de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigacion Cientifica y
Tecnologica, San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
e-mail: esmeralda.vences@ipicyt.edu.mx; cesar.nieto@ipicyt.edu.mx; rene@ipicyt.edu.mx
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Green Adsorbents to Remove Metals, Dyes and Boron
from Polluted Water, Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 49,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_3
Chapter 3
Metal Oxyhydroxide Composites
for Halogens and Metalloid Removal
Esmeralda Vences-Alvarez , Cesar Nieto-Delgado ,
and Jose Rene Rangel- Mendez
Contents
3.1 Introduction to Halogens and Metalloid Water Pollution
58
3.2 General Strategies for Arsenic and Fluoride Removal from Water
61
3.2.1 Coagulation and Flocculation
61
3.2.2 Ion Exchange
63
3.2.3 Membrane Filtration
64
3.2.4 Adsorption
66
3.3 Metal Oxyhydroxides for Adsorption
69
3.3.1 Fluoride Adsorption on Metal Oxyhydroxides
72
3.3.2 Arsenic Adsorption on Metal Oxyhydroxides
73
3.4 Synthesis of Metal Oxyhydroxide-Based Materials for Adsorption
75
3.4.1 Natural Metal Oxyhydroxides
75
3.4.2 Bimetallic Oxyhydroxides
76
3.4.3 Anchorage of Metal Oxyhydroxides onto Granular Carbon Materials
77
3.4.4 Particle Size Control of Metal Oxides Using Capping Agents
79
3.5 Conclusions
81
References
82
Abstract The occurrence of pollutants in drinking water sources has become a
serious problem worldwide. Sometimes, the contamination is not even related to
human activities but occurs naturally during the weathering of minerals in water
reservoirs. This is the typical case for arsenic- and fluoride-polluted human consumption water sources, which is a well-documented problem that impacts millions
of people worldwide. Due to the health affectation to humans, the permissible concentration limit of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water is very low, 10 μg/L and
1.5 mg/L, respectively. Therefore, purifying water to reach those levels in a costeffective way has become a real challenge. In this chapter, we first reviewed the
E. Vences-Alvarez · C. Nieto-Delgado · J. R. Rangel-Mendez (*)
Division de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigacion Cientifica y
Tecnologica, San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
e-mail: esmeralda.vences@ipicyt.edu.mx; cesar.nieto@ipicyt.edu.mx; rene@ipicyt.edu.mx