398
15.5 Conclusion
In this book chapter, it has been revealed that the dye production and utilization has
been largely expended in last few decades. So, the dye present in industrial wastewater is a serious threat to environment and human health. The dye can be removed
by using various dye treatment processes such as physical, chemical, and biological
treatment. Here, the chemical treatment is very expensive and the biological treatment is limited due to the large hydraulic retention time for complete removal of
dyes. Adsorption could be the best choice for dye removal due to its low cost and
high removal efficiency. But the major limitation in adsorption process is the use of
high-cost adsorbent as activated carbon which limited its uses despite of their wide
applicability and high adsorption efficiency. Their regeneration is also very costly
with the loss of adsorbent as well as efficiency. Easily convenient, inexpensive, and
effective materials could replace the commercially available high-cost activated carbon. Therefore, the book chapter has presented a wide variety of low-cost adsorbents for dye separation from industrial effluent. Those are obtained from various
sources such as abundant natural resources, using various industrial and agricultural
waste materials or by-products and biosorbents and also synthesizing new product
using inexpensive materials for dye removal. The low-cost adsorbents have many
advantages like they are obtained from the waste materials that have zero economic
value and also disposal problem. The natural resources have been also used without
or little pretreatment. The low-cost adsorbents are found very promising and also
very effective in removing various types of dye. Certain low-cost synthesized adsorbents have excellent capability of dye removal than commercial activated carbon.
Still, the adsorption process is not enlarged fully at pilot as well as industrial
scales. Therefore, much work is needed (a) for the prediction of the adsorption performance under some operating conditions, (b) for better perception on adsorption
mechanism, (c) to develop more low-cost adsorbents with high efficiency, and (d)
for the use of low-cost adsorbents in dye removal at pilot and industrial scales.
Acknowledgment Each author acknowledges the contribution in terms of literature data, formatting, and other information of other authors. Overall guidance by the corresponding author is
highly acknowledged.
References
Abid MF, Zablouk MA, Abid-Alameer AM (2012) Experimental study of dye removal from
industrial wastewater by membrane technologies of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. Iran J
Environ Health Sci Eng 9:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-9-17
Adak A, Bandyopadhyay M, Pal A (2005) Removal of crystal violet dye from wastewater by
surfactant-modified alumina. Sep Purif Technol 44:139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
seppur.2005.01.002
M. Sardar et al.
15.5 Conclusion
In this book chapter, it has been revealed that the dye production and utilization has
been largely expended in last few decades. So, the dye present in industrial wastewater is a serious threat to environment and human health. The dye can be removed
by using various dye treatment processes such as physical, chemical, and biological
treatment. Here, the chemical treatment is very expensive and the biological treatment is limited due to the large hydraulic retention time for complete removal of
dyes. Adsorption could be the best choice for dye removal due to its low cost and
high removal efficiency. But the major limitation in adsorption process is the use of
high-cost adsorbent as activated carbon which limited its uses despite of their wide
applicability and high adsorption efficiency. Their regeneration is also very costly
with the loss of adsorbent as well as efficiency. Easily convenient, inexpensive, and
effective materials could replace the commercially available high-cost activated carbon. Therefore, the book chapter has presented a wide variety of low-cost adsorbents for dye separation from industrial effluent. Those are obtained from various
sources such as abundant natural resources, using various industrial and agricultural
waste materials or by-products and biosorbents and also synthesizing new product
using inexpensive materials for dye removal. The low-cost adsorbents have many
advantages like they are obtained from the waste materials that have zero economic
value and also disposal problem. The natural resources have been also used without
or little pretreatment. The low-cost adsorbents are found very promising and also
very effective in removing various types of dye. Certain low-cost synthesized adsorbents have excellent capability of dye removal than commercial activated carbon.
Still, the adsorption process is not enlarged fully at pilot as well as industrial
scales. Therefore, much work is needed (a) for the prediction of the adsorption performance under some operating conditions, (b) for better perception on adsorption
mechanism, (c) to develop more low-cost adsorbents with high efficiency, and (d)
for the use of low-cost adsorbents in dye removal at pilot and industrial scales.
Acknowledgment Each author acknowledges the contribution in terms of literature data, formatting, and other information of other authors. Overall guidance by the corresponding author is
highly acknowledged.
References
Abid MF, Zablouk MA, Abid-Alameer AM (2012) Experimental study of dye removal from
industrial wastewater by membrane technologies of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. Iran J
Environ Health Sci Eng 9:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-9-17
Adak A, Bandyopadhyay M, Pal A (2005) Removal of crystal violet dye from wastewater by
surfactant-modified alumina. Sep Purif Technol 44:139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
seppur.2005.01.002
M. Sardar et al.