392
Peat is naturally available porous and complex adsorbent mainly used for removing dye and organic pollutant. The removal efficiency of rhodamine-B dye by using
this adsorbent has been reported 8.6% in studies (Sharma and Kaur 2018).
Vijayaraghavan et al. (2016) used coco-peat for removing crystal violet and malachite green from aqueous medium. It was found that at pH 7 the dyes are effectively
removed in 60 min (Vijayaraghavan et al. 2016).
Zeolites are highly porous crystalline hydrated aluminosilicates occupied by
water, alkali, and alkaline earth cations. The structure of zeolite is described based on
their geometry, size, and pore space connectivity. At present natural zeolite is used as
adsorbent by many researchers for wastewater treatment because it comprises with
the both sorption properties as well as combination of molecular sieve and ion
exchange properties (Raval et al. 2017). Han et al. (2010) experimented on natural
zeolite for the removal of malachite green from industrial effluent, and the regeneration was found 85.8% (Han et al. 2010). Syafalni et al. (2014) studied the adsorption
capacity of natural zeolite, anionic-cationic surfactant-modified zeolite, and cationic
surfactant-modified zeolite for dye treatment. They reported an efficient removal of
dye such as 94% for natural zeolite, 94% for anionic-cationic surfactant- modified
zeolite, and 90% for cationic surfactant-modified zeolite (Syafalni et al. 2014).
15.4.2 Industrial and Agricultural Wastes or By-Products
The utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes or by-products plays a significant role for wastewater treatment and in national economy. Although they have
zero economic value and also have problem with disposal. In such case, wastes from
agriculture and industrial section can be used as cheap adsorbent which is inexpensive and easily available in large quantities. Due to their physicochemical properties, they can be accounted as a very good adsorbent and has the potential for dye
removal from industrial effluent. Those can replace the commercial activated carbon also. Industrial waste materials such as red mud, fly ash, metal hydroxide sludge
are classified as low-cost adsorbents for remediation of pollutants such as dyes
(Raval et al. 2017). Several agricultural wastes have been studied for dye removal at
different operating conditions. Different kinds of agricultural waste-based adsorbents for removing water pollutants from industrial wastewater are given in
Fig. 15.5. The agricultural wastes includes orange peel (Arami et al. 2005), coniferous pinus bark powder (Ahmad 2009), wheat husk (Gupta et al. 2007a), activated
palm ash (Hameed et al. 2007), cattail root (Hu et al. 2010), neem sawdust (Khattri
and Singh 2009), peanut husk (Khaleque et al. 2018), Jujuba seeds (Reddy et al.
2012), and coir pith activated carbon (Santhy and Selvapathy 2006). Activated carbon also can be prepared from many others agricultural waste such as coconut tree
sawdust, banana pith, silk cotton hull, maize cob, and sago waste for removing dye
from industrial wastewater (Kavipriya et al. 2002). Different types of adsorbents
using agricultural wastes have been discussed in Table 15.2.
Red mud is an aluminum industry waste used as adsorbent for dye removal
(Sharma and Kaur 2018). At the time of alumina production, red mud is formed
M. Sardar et al.
Peat is naturally available porous and complex adsorbent mainly used for removing dye and organic pollutant. The removal efficiency of rhodamine-B dye by using
this adsorbent has been reported 8.6% in studies (Sharma and Kaur 2018).
Vijayaraghavan et al. (2016) used coco-peat for removing crystal violet and malachite green from aqueous medium. It was found that at pH 7 the dyes are effectively
removed in 60 min (Vijayaraghavan et al. 2016).
Zeolites are highly porous crystalline hydrated aluminosilicates occupied by
water, alkali, and alkaline earth cations. The structure of zeolite is described based on
their geometry, size, and pore space connectivity. At present natural zeolite is used as
adsorbent by many researchers for wastewater treatment because it comprises with
the both sorption properties as well as combination of molecular sieve and ion
exchange properties (Raval et al. 2017). Han et al. (2010) experimented on natural
zeolite for the removal of malachite green from industrial effluent, and the regeneration was found 85.8% (Han et al. 2010). Syafalni et al. (2014) studied the adsorption
capacity of natural zeolite, anionic-cationic surfactant-modified zeolite, and cationic
surfactant-modified zeolite for dye treatment. They reported an efficient removal of
dye such as 94% for natural zeolite, 94% for anionic-cationic surfactant- modified
zeolite, and 90% for cationic surfactant-modified zeolite (Syafalni et al. 2014).
15.4.2 Industrial and Agricultural Wastes or By-Products
The utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes or by-products plays a significant role for wastewater treatment and in national economy. Although they have
zero economic value and also have problem with disposal. In such case, wastes from
agriculture and industrial section can be used as cheap adsorbent which is inexpensive and easily available in large quantities. Due to their physicochemical properties, they can be accounted as a very good adsorbent and has the potential for dye
removal from industrial effluent. Those can replace the commercial activated carbon also. Industrial waste materials such as red mud, fly ash, metal hydroxide sludge
are classified as low-cost adsorbents for remediation of pollutants such as dyes
(Raval et al. 2017). Several agricultural wastes have been studied for dye removal at
different operating conditions. Different kinds of agricultural waste-based adsorbents for removing water pollutants from industrial wastewater are given in
Fig. 15.5. The agricultural wastes includes orange peel (Arami et al. 2005), coniferous pinus bark powder (Ahmad 2009), wheat husk (Gupta et al. 2007a), activated
palm ash (Hameed et al. 2007), cattail root (Hu et al. 2010), neem sawdust (Khattri
and Singh 2009), peanut husk (Khaleque et al. 2018), Jujuba seeds (Reddy et al.
2012), and coir pith activated carbon (Santhy and Selvapathy 2006). Activated carbon also can be prepared from many others agricultural waste such as coconut tree
sawdust, banana pith, silk cotton hull, maize cob, and sago waste for removing dye
from industrial wastewater (Kavipriya et al. 2002). Different types of adsorbents
using agricultural wastes have been discussed in Table 15.2.
Red mud is an aluminum industry waste used as adsorbent for dye removal
(Sharma and Kaur 2018). At the time of alumina production, red mud is formed
M. Sardar et al.