358
rubber wood, papaya wood, and many more were used as biosorbents. Biomasses
such as bacteria, algae, and fungi play a vital role for the treatment of tainted water.
Different chitosan-based materials also show remarkable efficiency for heavy metal
remediation. Different categories of the biosorbents are utilized for finding an efficient and economical option of the remediation of heavy metals in literature.
14.4.1 Agricultural Biosorbents
Various low-cost adsorbents were tested to know their metal adsorption capacity
[Table 14.6]. Many reviews were done where agricultural adsorbents were utilized
for elimination of hazardous heavy metals. Sud et al. reported employment of agricultural waste materials for the remediation of metal ions (Sud et al. 2008). Rice
bran was tested for the treatment of copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium, and the
removal percentages were above 80% (Montanher et al. 2005). Rubber wood sawdust was applied for removal of hexavalent chromium and found an efficient removal
of 60–70% (Karthikeyan et al. 2005).
14.4.2 Carbonaceous Biosorbents
Activated carbon is commercially used for drinking water production. It has high
surface area which makes the adsorbent efficient for the removal of the contaminants. Many researchers utilized the activated carbon for the removal of metal ions
and got the promising results (Kang et al. 2008). Various activation processes are
available in the literature where waste materials were utilized for the preparation of
the carbonaceous biosorbents (Dias et al. 2007). It was found that eucalyptus bark
was utilized to remove the Cu and Pb (Kongsuwan et al. 2009). Carbon nanotube
was utilized for the removal of Pb by researchers (Wang et al. 2007; Kabbashi et al.
2009). Others removed the Cd and Cr by carbon nanotube (Kuo and Lin 2009;
Pillay et al. 2009).It was also used for the removal of Cu as reported by Li et al.
(2010). Various activated carbons which were utilized to remove the heavy metal
ions are illustrated in Table 14.7.
14.4.3 Bacterial Biomass Biosorbents
Bacterial biomass is now becoming an effective biosorbents for treatment of heavy
metal contamination. In case of bacterial biomass, researchers used Bacillus cereus and
Escherichia coli for the treatment of metal-contaminated wastewater (Pan et al. 2007).
Metal biosorption capacity of various bacterial biomasses is presented in Table 14.8.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas putida, and Corynebacterium
glutamicum have been tested for lead ions where they display good adsorption
S. Biswas and S. Nag
rubber wood, papaya wood, and many more were used as biosorbents. Biomasses
such as bacteria, algae, and fungi play a vital role for the treatment of tainted water.
Different chitosan-based materials also show remarkable efficiency for heavy metal
remediation. Different categories of the biosorbents are utilized for finding an efficient and economical option of the remediation of heavy metals in literature.
14.4.1 Agricultural Biosorbents
Various low-cost adsorbents were tested to know their metal adsorption capacity
[Table 14.6]. Many reviews were done where agricultural adsorbents were utilized
for elimination of hazardous heavy metals. Sud et al. reported employment of agricultural waste materials for the remediation of metal ions (Sud et al. 2008). Rice
bran was tested for the treatment of copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium, and the
removal percentages were above 80% (Montanher et al. 2005). Rubber wood sawdust was applied for removal of hexavalent chromium and found an efficient removal
of 60–70% (Karthikeyan et al. 2005).
14.4.2 Carbonaceous Biosorbents
Activated carbon is commercially used for drinking water production. It has high
surface area which makes the adsorbent efficient for the removal of the contaminants. Many researchers utilized the activated carbon for the removal of metal ions
and got the promising results (Kang et al. 2008). Various activation processes are
available in the literature where waste materials were utilized for the preparation of
the carbonaceous biosorbents (Dias et al. 2007). It was found that eucalyptus bark
was utilized to remove the Cu and Pb (Kongsuwan et al. 2009). Carbon nanotube
was utilized for the removal of Pb by researchers (Wang et al. 2007; Kabbashi et al.
2009). Others removed the Cd and Cr by carbon nanotube (Kuo and Lin 2009;
Pillay et al. 2009).It was also used for the removal of Cu as reported by Li et al.
(2010). Various activated carbons which were utilized to remove the heavy metal
ions are illustrated in Table 14.7.
14.4.3 Bacterial Biomass Biosorbents
Bacterial biomass is now becoming an effective biosorbents for treatment of heavy
metal contamination. In case of bacterial biomass, researchers used Bacillus cereus and
Escherichia coli for the treatment of metal-contaminated wastewater (Pan et al. 2007).
Metal biosorption capacity of various bacterial biomasses is presented in Table 14.8.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas putida, and Corynebacterium
glutamicum have been tested for lead ions where they display good adsorption
S. Biswas and S. Nag