351
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Green Adsorbents to Remove Metals, Dyes and Boron
from Polluted Water, Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 49,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_14
Chapter 14
Biomass-Based Absorbents for Heavy
Metal Removal
Swarup Biswas and Soma Nag
Contents
14.1 Introduction
352
14.2 Sources of Heavy Metals and Their Hazardous Effect
353
14.3 Conventional Methods for Hazardous Heavy Metal Eradication
353
14.3.1 Chemical Precipitation
353
14.3.2 Ion-Exchange Process
353
14.3.3 Membrane Filtration
355
14.3.4 Coagulation and Flocculation
356
14.3.5 Flotation
356
14.3.6 Electrochemical Treatment
357
14.4 Biosorption
357
14.4.1 Agricultural Biosorbents
358
14.4.2 Carbonaceous Biosorbents
358
14.4.3 Bacterial Biomass Biosorbents
358
14.4.4 Fungal Biomass Biosorption
361
14.4.5 Algal Biomass Biosorbents
362
14.4.6 Chitosan Composite Biosorbents
362
14.5 Chemical Modification of the Biosorbents
363
14.6 Responsible Functional Groups
363
14.7 Regeneration of Biosorbents
365
14.8 Conclusion
366
References
367
Abstract With the increasing industrialization, the heavy metal contamination has
become a serious environmental issue. Different activities, such as fertilizer, pharmaceutical, chemical, automobile, petroleum, and textile units, discharge a large
amount of heavy metals laden effluent that contaminates the water streams.
Traditional processes such as precipitation, ion exchange, membrane technology,
and advance oxidation have been utilized for the remediation of heavy metal contamination. These processes could not be attractive for commercial applications
S. Biswas · S. Nag (*)
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala,
Agartala, Tripura, India
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Green Adsorbents to Remove Metals, Dyes and Boron
from Polluted Water, Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 49,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_14
Chapter 14
Biomass-Based Absorbents for Heavy
Metal Removal
Swarup Biswas and Soma Nag
Contents
14.1 Introduction
352
14.2 Sources of Heavy Metals and Their Hazardous Effect
353
14.3 Conventional Methods for Hazardous Heavy Metal Eradication
353
14.3.1 Chemical Precipitation
353
14.3.2 Ion-Exchange Process
353
14.3.3 Membrane Filtration
355
14.3.4 Coagulation and Flocculation
356
14.3.5 Flotation
356
14.3.6 Electrochemical Treatment
357
14.4 Biosorption
357
14.4.1 Agricultural Biosorbents
358
14.4.2 Carbonaceous Biosorbents
358
14.4.3 Bacterial Biomass Biosorbents
358
14.4.4 Fungal Biomass Biosorption
361
14.4.5 Algal Biomass Biosorbents
362
14.4.6 Chitosan Composite Biosorbents
362
14.5 Chemical Modification of the Biosorbents
363
14.6 Responsible Functional Groups
363
14.7 Regeneration of Biosorbents
365
14.8 Conclusion
366
References
367
Abstract With the increasing industrialization, the heavy metal contamination has
become a serious environmental issue. Different activities, such as fertilizer, pharmaceutical, chemical, automobile, petroleum, and textile units, discharge a large
amount of heavy metals laden effluent that contaminates the water streams.
Traditional processes such as precipitation, ion exchange, membrane technology,
and advance oxidation have been utilized for the remediation of heavy metal contamination. These processes could not be attractive for commercial applications
S. Biswas · S. Nag (*)
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala,
Agartala, Tripura, India