299
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida sp., C. tropicalis,
C. lipolytica, C. utilis, C. guilliermondii, and C. membranifaciens (Mokhtar et al.
2017), removal of dyes by fungal species (Aksu and Dönmez 2003). Composition
of cell walls, size of cell, functional groups present in the biomass and external factors
like pH, salts, presence of other ions, temperature etc. are very important factors.
Biomass have limited application for dyes removal using the column method but
after biomass immobilization they could be applied (Crini and Badot 2011).
11.4.5 Nanomaterials
Nanotubes, nanofibers, nanorods, nanoparticles, fullerenes, and nanowires are typical nanomaterials (Camposeco et al. 2016; Gupta and Saleh 2013; Saravanan et al.
2014), and their sources and toxic properties were presented by Buzea et al. (2007).
Carbon nanotubes discovered by Iijima (1991): single-walled and multi-walled
could be applied for removal, degradation processes of dyes due to well-defined
cylindrical hollow structure, high aspect ratios, large surface area, easily modified
surfaces, and hydrophobic wall, but the single-walled carbon nanotubes show usually higher adsorption capacity than multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Gupta and
Saleh 2013). Many examples of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes application for
wastewaters treatment could be found in Gupta and Saleh (2013). Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were applied for rhodamine B degradation (Saleh and Gupta 2011),
activated carbon nanotubes were applied for anionic and cationic dyes such as
methyl orange (149 mg/g) and methylene blue (399 mg/g) (Ma et al. 2012) removal,
and multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized by carboxylic acid for malachite
green retention (142.85 mg/g) (Rajabi et al. 2016; Shirmardi et al. 2013), halloysite
nanotubes for methylene blue removal (Kiani et al. 2011). The mechanisms of dye
molecules binding on carbon nanotubes are very complicated, electrostatic attraction, precipitation, sorption, and chemical interaction between dyes and carbon
nanotubes (Gupta and Saleh 2013). Kiani et al. (2011) indicated that the process of
malachite green removal by halloysite nanotubes proceeds via physisorption (activation energy 18.28 kJ/mol). Nanoparticles smaller than 1 μm (Buzea et al. 2007)
possess the unrepeatable features, e.g., catalytic potential, size, surface area, and
number of active sites; therefore they could be an excellent adsorbents (Gupta and
Saleh 2013).
Removal efficiency of dyes by nanomaterial depends on different experimental
conditions, e.g., Rajabi et al. (2016) show that adsorption capacity of carboxylate
group functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for dye increases with time,
pH, and temperature increase. Malachite green percentage removal by acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes increases with agitation time, pH, and
dose increase but decrease with the initial malachite green increase (Shirmardi et al.
2013). The photocatalytic activities of TiO 2 nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanowires
prepared by the hydrothermal treatment with NaOH depend on nanomaterials structure and pH of solution (medium) (Camposeco et al. 2016).
11 Characteristics and Adsorptive Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Dyes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida sp., C. tropicalis,
C. lipolytica, C. utilis, C. guilliermondii, and C. membranifaciens (Mokhtar et al.
2017), removal of dyes by fungal species (Aksu and Dönmez 2003). Composition
of cell walls, size of cell, functional groups present in the biomass and external factors
like pH, salts, presence of other ions, temperature etc. are very important factors.
Biomass have limited application for dyes removal using the column method but
after biomass immobilization they could be applied (Crini and Badot 2011).
11.4.5 Nanomaterials
Nanotubes, nanofibers, nanorods, nanoparticles, fullerenes, and nanowires are typical nanomaterials (Camposeco et al. 2016; Gupta and Saleh 2013; Saravanan et al.
2014), and their sources and toxic properties were presented by Buzea et al. (2007).
Carbon nanotubes discovered by Iijima (1991): single-walled and multi-walled
could be applied for removal, degradation processes of dyes due to well-defined
cylindrical hollow structure, high aspect ratios, large surface area, easily modified
surfaces, and hydrophobic wall, but the single-walled carbon nanotubes show usually higher adsorption capacity than multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Gupta and
Saleh 2013). Many examples of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes application for
wastewaters treatment could be found in Gupta and Saleh (2013). Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were applied for rhodamine B degradation (Saleh and Gupta 2011),
activated carbon nanotubes were applied for anionic and cationic dyes such as
methyl orange (149 mg/g) and methylene blue (399 mg/g) (Ma et al. 2012) removal,
and multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized by carboxylic acid for malachite
green retention (142.85 mg/g) (Rajabi et al. 2016; Shirmardi et al. 2013), halloysite
nanotubes for methylene blue removal (Kiani et al. 2011). The mechanisms of dye
molecules binding on carbon nanotubes are very complicated, electrostatic attraction, precipitation, sorption, and chemical interaction between dyes and carbon
nanotubes (Gupta and Saleh 2013). Kiani et al. (2011) indicated that the process of
malachite green removal by halloysite nanotubes proceeds via physisorption (activation energy 18.28 kJ/mol). Nanoparticles smaller than 1 μm (Buzea et al. 2007)
possess the unrepeatable features, e.g., catalytic potential, size, surface area, and
number of active sites; therefore they could be an excellent adsorbents (Gupta and
Saleh 2013).
Removal efficiency of dyes by nanomaterial depends on different experimental
conditions, e.g., Rajabi et al. (2016) show that adsorption capacity of carboxylate
group functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for dye increases with time,
pH, and temperature increase. Malachite green percentage removal by acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes increases with agitation time, pH, and
dose increase but decrease with the initial malachite green increase (Shirmardi et al.
2013). The photocatalytic activities of TiO 2 nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanowires
prepared by the hydrothermal treatment with NaOH depend on nanomaterials structure and pH of solution (medium) (Camposeco et al. 2016).
11 Characteristics and Adsorptive Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Dyes