273
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Green Adsorbents to Remove Metals, Dyes and Boron
from Polluted Water, Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 49,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_11
Chapter 11
Characteristics and Adsorptive Treatment
of Wastewaters Containing Dyes
Anna Wołowicz and Monika Wawrzkiewicz
Contents
11.1 Introduction
274
11.1.1 Dyes: Definition and Classification
274
11.2 Methods of Dyes Removal
276
11.3 Adsorption and Sorbents Classification
279
11.4 Removal of Dyes from Waters and Wastewaters Using Various Adsorbents
280
11.4.1 Commercial Activated Carbon
280
11.4.2 Low-Cost Adsorbents
287
11.4.3 Natural Materials
292
11.4.4 Biosorbents
295
11.4.5 Nanomaterials
299
11.4.6 Composites, Nanocomposites, and Miscellaneous Adsorbents
300
11.4.7 Ion-Exchange Resins
300
11.5 Conclusion
303
References
303
Abstract High usage of dyes by textile, paper and pulp, tannery and paint, plastic,
cosmetics, and food industries generates effluents containing hazardous dyes and
auxiliaries. In order to eliminate this problem, it is desirable to look for effective,
sustainable, and efficient methods for wastewater treatment containing dyes.
Overview regarding disposal of dyes by adsorption using such material as carbonaceous sorbents (commercial activated carbons, fullerenes, nanotubes, activated carbons prepared from wastes), naturally occurred substances (clays, zeolites, siliceous
materials), nonconventional low-cost adsorbents (agriculture wastes, e.g., leaves,
fruits, straw, rice husks, chaff, vegetable fibers, sunflowers stalks, or wastes from
industry such as red mud, metal hydroxide sludge, fly ash, as well as biosorbents
A. Wołowicz · M. Wawrzkiewicz (*)
Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
e-mail: anna.wolowicz@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl; m.wawrzkiewicz@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Green Adsorbents to Remove Metals, Dyes and Boron
from Polluted Water, Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 49,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47400-3_11
Chapter 11
Characteristics and Adsorptive Treatment
of Wastewaters Containing Dyes
Anna Wołowicz and Monika Wawrzkiewicz
Contents
11.1 Introduction
274
11.1.1 Dyes: Definition and Classification
274
11.2 Methods of Dyes Removal
276
11.3 Adsorption and Sorbents Classification
279
11.4 Removal of Dyes from Waters and Wastewaters Using Various Adsorbents
280
11.4.1 Commercial Activated Carbon
280
11.4.2 Low-Cost Adsorbents
287
11.4.3 Natural Materials
292
11.4.4 Biosorbents
295
11.4.5 Nanomaterials
299
11.4.6 Composites, Nanocomposites, and Miscellaneous Adsorbents
300
11.4.7 Ion-Exchange Resins
300
11.5 Conclusion
303
References
303
Abstract High usage of dyes by textile, paper and pulp, tannery and paint, plastic,
cosmetics, and food industries generates effluents containing hazardous dyes and
auxiliaries. In order to eliminate this problem, it is desirable to look for effective,
sustainable, and efficient methods for wastewater treatment containing dyes.
Overview regarding disposal of dyes by adsorption using such material as carbonaceous sorbents (commercial activated carbons, fullerenes, nanotubes, activated carbons prepared from wastes), naturally occurred substances (clays, zeolites, siliceous
materials), nonconventional low-cost adsorbents (agriculture wastes, e.g., leaves,
fruits, straw, rice husks, chaff, vegetable fibers, sunflowers stalks, or wastes from
industry such as red mud, metal hydroxide sludge, fly ash, as well as biosorbents
A. Wołowicz · M. Wawrzkiewicz (*)
Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska
University, Lublin, Poland
e-mail: anna.wolowicz@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl; m.wawrzkiewicz@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl