240
various phenomena of physical, chemical, and biological treatment for the production of valuable by-products (Okabe et al. 2009). The different kinds of agricultural
waste products obtained from rice, sugarcane, cereals, wheat, and beet act as the
primary sources since they are rich in starch content. Also, the carbohydrate-rich
residues are mostly preferred in the food and the numerous chemical industries
(Shin et al. 2009). These agro-based residues have the major constituents of lignin
and cellulose entities with the specific functional polar constituents of phenolic,
alcoholic, carboxylic, aldehydes, ketones, and ether components. These major
groups play a major role in the integration of metal complexes upon their interaction
with the different metals (Syafiuddin et al. 2017). Also, numerous organic acids
based on the specific functional group react with the metal from the metal complex
and play a vital role in the removal of various metal contaminants from the soil
(Yang et al. 2006).
9.7 Conclusion
Numerous methodologies have been followed in the removal of polluted toxic contaminants from the wastewater effluents. Though both the conventional and traditional methods are followed in the system, nanoparticles integrated with the plant
extracts are extensively used in numerous applications. Different metallic nanoparticles especially the silver nanoparticles are not only used in the antimicrobial applications; they are also mainly used in the bioremediation process. The flavonoids and
the other constituents present in the integrated metallic particles not only play a
prominent role in the pharmaceutical applications; they are also used in the degradation of various pollutants such as aromatic compounds, polyhydrocarbons, and the
different metal removal. Silver nanoparticles and other metallic nanoparticles with
plant extracts are known for its wide applications such as antimicrobial activity;
they are preferred to be used in the bioremediation especially in the removal of various metal pollutants. Magnetic nanoparticles are preferred for their high surface
area and different catalytic reactive sites. They are also preferred for their easy
recovery and reusability. Due to the easy separation with the help of magnets, the
cost of other cofactors and enzymes is less. The usage of the integrated plant extract
adsorbent reduces secondary pollutants generation, hence they are considered as the
boom in the growth aspects of green chemistry. The main disadvantage of the system is to consider the fate of the above nanoparticles getting into the environment.
These particles may cause a severe threat to the flora and fauna in the aquatic environment. The low cost and excess availability of agricultural residues are used as the
major adsorbents in the annihilation of toxic contaminants.
Acknowledgment Authors are grateful to SSN Trust, India for financial support.
D. Vishnu et al.
various phenomena of physical, chemical, and biological treatment for the production of valuable by-products (Okabe et al. 2009). The different kinds of agricultural
waste products obtained from rice, sugarcane, cereals, wheat, and beet act as the
primary sources since they are rich in starch content. Also, the carbohydrate-rich
residues are mostly preferred in the food and the numerous chemical industries
(Shin et al. 2009). These agro-based residues have the major constituents of lignin
and cellulose entities with the specific functional polar constituents of phenolic,
alcoholic, carboxylic, aldehydes, ketones, and ether components. These major
groups play a major role in the integration of metal complexes upon their interaction
with the different metals (Syafiuddin et al. 2017). Also, numerous organic acids
based on the specific functional group react with the metal from the metal complex
and play a vital role in the removal of various metal contaminants from the soil
(Yang et al. 2006).
9.7 Conclusion
Numerous methodologies have been followed in the removal of polluted toxic contaminants from the wastewater effluents. Though both the conventional and traditional methods are followed in the system, nanoparticles integrated with the plant
extracts are extensively used in numerous applications. Different metallic nanoparticles especially the silver nanoparticles are not only used in the antimicrobial applications; they are also mainly used in the bioremediation process. The flavonoids and
the other constituents present in the integrated metallic particles not only play a
prominent role in the pharmaceutical applications; they are also used in the degradation of various pollutants such as aromatic compounds, polyhydrocarbons, and the
different metal removal. Silver nanoparticles and other metallic nanoparticles with
plant extracts are known for its wide applications such as antimicrobial activity;
they are preferred to be used in the bioremediation especially in the removal of various metal pollutants. Magnetic nanoparticles are preferred for their high surface
area and different catalytic reactive sites. They are also preferred for their easy
recovery and reusability. Due to the easy separation with the help of magnets, the
cost of other cofactors and enzymes is less. The usage of the integrated plant extract
adsorbent reduces secondary pollutants generation, hence they are considered as the
boom in the growth aspects of green chemistry. The main disadvantage of the system is to consider the fate of the above nanoparticles getting into the environment.
These particles may cause a severe threat to the flora and fauna in the aquatic environment. The low cost and excess availability of agricultural residues are used as the
major adsorbents in the annihilation of toxic contaminants.
Acknowledgment Authors are grateful to SSN Trust, India for financial support.
D. Vishnu et al.