239
9.5.3 Other Metallic Nanoparticles
The various metals and its integration with an external substance form nanoparticles
at different environmental conditions such as pH, temperature etc. The various
metallic nanoparticles produced from the Gum kondagogu biopolymer have been
assessed at different time interval and pH. This biopolymer considerably has a
greater proportion of uronic acid with the distinct functional groups of hydroxyl,
carbonyl, acetyl, and carboxylic. Silver nanoparticles are synthesized with the time
of 60 min at the various pH 3, 4, 5, and 7 at 45 °C. Gold nanoparticles are synthesized within 60 min at the various pH 4,5,6,8, and 10 at 75 °C, whereas the platinum
nanoparticle is produced within 15 min at the pH 4,5,6,8, and 10. These nanoadsorbents are prominently used to remove the toxic metal contaminants and also in the
degradation of polyhydrocarbons and phenolic compounds that are present in the
pharmaceutical industry (Vinod et al. 2011). Gold nanoparticles are synthesized via
Turkevich–Frens method with specific reducing agents under the appropriate reaction conditions of temperature, the concentration of salt, the reducing agents, and
the pH. The usage of the stabilizing agent’s concentration under the appropriate
reaction conditions is considered to be the major disadvantage in the production
system (Herizchi et al. 2016). The Brust-Schiffrin method is to synthesize the gold
nanoparticle with the specific thiolate group that enhances the stability and reusability, and this present method has the disadvantage of using stabilizing agents
with biocompatible nature in the system (Oliveira et al. 2005; Puglisi et al. 1995).
Also, the morphological features of size and shape of the gold nanoparticles are
concerned with the various concentrations of the bioreducing derivatives of the
numerous plant extracts (Gonnelli et al. 2015). Gum karaya is an acid polysaccharide widely used as a thickener and emulsifier. When copper gets combined with
this component upon their nanoparticle synthesis, they act both as the capping and
reducing agent (Padil and Černík 2013). The extensive antioxidant property of aloe
vera extracts upon integration with the zinc particle increases their stable nature and
is widely used in the pharmaceutical (Elia et al. 2014).
9.6 Agricultural Residues: As the Adsorbent
in the Removal of Pollutants
Agro-industrial wastes are predominantly constituted as the numerous industrial
by-products due to the excessive amount of carbon and oxygen contents with the
existence of numerous bioactive components. The department of energy from the
United States has evaluated that more than 500 million tons of the numerous agrobased residues are available as the raw material with the considerable price limit of
20–50$/ton (Singh Nee Nigam and Pandey 2009). Due to their excessive availability with cheap cost, they are considered as the key component to producing numerous and valuable by-products. Also, these feedstocks are subjected to undergo
9 Biosorption of Metal Ions Present in Industrial Wastewater
9.5.3 Other Metallic Nanoparticles
The various metals and its integration with an external substance form nanoparticles
at different environmental conditions such as pH, temperature etc. The various
metallic nanoparticles produced from the Gum kondagogu biopolymer have been
assessed at different time interval and pH. This biopolymer considerably has a
greater proportion of uronic acid with the distinct functional groups of hydroxyl,
carbonyl, acetyl, and carboxylic. Silver nanoparticles are synthesized with the time
of 60 min at the various pH 3, 4, 5, and 7 at 45 °C. Gold nanoparticles are synthesized within 60 min at the various pH 4,5,6,8, and 10 at 75 °C, whereas the platinum
nanoparticle is produced within 15 min at the pH 4,5,6,8, and 10. These nanoadsorbents are prominently used to remove the toxic metal contaminants and also in the
degradation of polyhydrocarbons and phenolic compounds that are present in the
pharmaceutical industry (Vinod et al. 2011). Gold nanoparticles are synthesized via
Turkevich–Frens method with specific reducing agents under the appropriate reaction conditions of temperature, the concentration of salt, the reducing agents, and
the pH. The usage of the stabilizing agent’s concentration under the appropriate
reaction conditions is considered to be the major disadvantage in the production
system (Herizchi et al. 2016). The Brust-Schiffrin method is to synthesize the gold
nanoparticle with the specific thiolate group that enhances the stability and reusability, and this present method has the disadvantage of using stabilizing agents
with biocompatible nature in the system (Oliveira et al. 2005; Puglisi et al. 1995).
Also, the morphological features of size and shape of the gold nanoparticles are
concerned with the various concentrations of the bioreducing derivatives of the
numerous plant extracts (Gonnelli et al. 2015). Gum karaya is an acid polysaccharide widely used as a thickener and emulsifier. When copper gets combined with
this component upon their nanoparticle synthesis, they act both as the capping and
reducing agent (Padil and Černík 2013). The extensive antioxidant property of aloe
vera extracts upon integration with the zinc particle increases their stable nature and
is widely used in the pharmaceutical (Elia et al. 2014).
9.6 Agricultural Residues: As the Adsorbent
in the Removal of Pollutants
Agro-industrial wastes are predominantly constituted as the numerous industrial
by-products due to the excessive amount of carbon and oxygen contents with the
existence of numerous bioactive components. The department of energy from the
United States has evaluated that more than 500 million tons of the numerous agrobased residues are available as the raw material with the considerable price limit of
20–50$/ton (Singh Nee Nigam and Pandey 2009). Due to their excessive availability with cheap cost, they are considered as the key component to producing numerous and valuable by-products. Also, these feedstocks are subjected to undergo
9 Biosorption of Metal Ions Present in Industrial Wastewater