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• Removal of chromium
Different anthropogenic activities release toxic Cr in natural environment
(Bhatnagar and Sillanpää 2010). Extensive research work has been devoted to the
elimination of heavy metals using waste agricultural materials. A number of agricultural materials including hazelnut shells (Bulut and Tez 2007), orange peels
(Annadurai et al. 2003), maize cobs (Ma et al. 2019), soybean hulls (Demirbas
2008), jackfruit (Inbaraj and Sulochana 2004), wheat bran (Kaya et al. 2014), and
soybean hulls in pristine or modified form has been applied for aqueous media
remediation. Different plants including coconut fiber pith, Acacia arabica, pine,
cactus, and eucalyptus and various parts of some specific plants such as leaves and
needles have also been reported for chromium adsorption. Such materials showed
90–100% efficiency at optimum pH range (Das and Mathew 2011). Rice husk in
pristine form and in activated rice form was utilized for chromium (VI) removal,
and the obtained data were compared with commercially used activated carbon
(Mohan et al. 2006).
Fan et al. prepared nanocomposite using tea waste and Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle and
analyzed its adsorption capacity for removing hexavalent chromium aqueous solution. The prepared composite tea waste/Fe3O4 showed maximum adsorption capacity of 75.76 mg g1 based on the Langmuir model. The desorption and regeneration
capacity of TW/Fe 3 O 4 adsorbent was also analyzed. Their results showed tea waste/
Fe 3 O 4 composite had excellent recycling potential. Almost 70% of the hexavalent
chromium was converted to Cr(III) in this study. This study proved that tea waste/
Fe3O4 composite can be used as effective sorbent for Cr(VI) adsorption from waste
stream industrial affluent (Fan et al. 2017).
Additionally, beech sawdust, sugarcane, and bagasse were also analyzed for Cr
removal. Utilization of mustard oil cake for chromium adsorption has also been
studied. Literature showed that chromium adsorption rate using agricultural waste
is quite high and ranged from 50 to 100% (Sud et al. 2008).
• Removal of Lead (Pb)
The removal of Pb from environmental compartment is of great concern as it
develops strong binding with some particles including oil, sewage sludge, and sediments. Different kinds of agricultural waste materials including peanut shells, soybean hulls, rice straw, bagasse, sugarcane, and walnut shells have been applied for
lead adsorption (Mishra and Patel 2009; Saka et al. 2012; Singh et al. 2006).
Activated carbon synthesized from agricultural waste was also used by many scientists, and its excellent power for lead adsorption has been reported (Abbaszadeh
et al. 2016; Noor et al. 2017). Other agricultural wastes such as bagasse fly ash
(Golbad et al. 2017; Nguyen et al. 2018), sawdust (Acharya et al. 2018), and rubber
wood sawdust (Biswas and Mishra 2015) have been also checked for lead removal.
A. Sabir et al.
• Removal of chromium
Different anthropogenic activities release toxic Cr in natural environment
(Bhatnagar and Sillanpää 2010). Extensive research work has been devoted to the
elimination of heavy metals using waste agricultural materials. A number of agricultural materials including hazelnut shells (Bulut and Tez 2007), orange peels
(Annadurai et al. 2003), maize cobs (Ma et al. 2019), soybean hulls (Demirbas
2008), jackfruit (Inbaraj and Sulochana 2004), wheat bran (Kaya et al. 2014), and
soybean hulls in pristine or modified form has been applied for aqueous media
remediation. Different plants including coconut fiber pith, Acacia arabica, pine,
cactus, and eucalyptus and various parts of some specific plants such as leaves and
needles have also been reported for chromium adsorption. Such materials showed
90–100% efficiency at optimum pH range (Das and Mathew 2011). Rice husk in
pristine form and in activated rice form was utilized for chromium (VI) removal,
and the obtained data were compared with commercially used activated carbon
(Mohan et al. 2006).
Fan et al. prepared nanocomposite using tea waste and Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle and
analyzed its adsorption capacity for removing hexavalent chromium aqueous solution. The prepared composite tea waste/Fe3O4 showed maximum adsorption capacity of 75.76 mg g1 based on the Langmuir model. The desorption and regeneration
capacity of TW/Fe 3 O 4 adsorbent was also analyzed. Their results showed tea waste/
Fe 3 O 4 composite had excellent recycling potential. Almost 70% of the hexavalent
chromium was converted to Cr(III) in this study. This study proved that tea waste/
Fe3O4 composite can be used as effective sorbent for Cr(VI) adsorption from waste
stream industrial affluent (Fan et al. 2017).
Additionally, beech sawdust, sugarcane, and bagasse were also analyzed for Cr
removal. Utilization of mustard oil cake for chromium adsorption has also been
studied. Literature showed that chromium adsorption rate using agricultural waste
is quite high and ranged from 50 to 100% (Sud et al. 2008).
• Removal of Lead (Pb)
The removal of Pb from environmental compartment is of great concern as it
develops strong binding with some particles including oil, sewage sludge, and sediments. Different kinds of agricultural waste materials including peanut shells, soybean hulls, rice straw, bagasse, sugarcane, and walnut shells have been applied for
lead adsorption (Mishra and Patel 2009; Saka et al. 2012; Singh et al. 2006).
Activated carbon synthesized from agricultural waste was also used by many scientists, and its excellent power for lead adsorption has been reported (Abbaszadeh
et al. 2016; Noor et al. 2017). Other agricultural wastes such as bagasse fly ash
(Golbad et al. 2017; Nguyen et al. 2018), sawdust (Acharya et al. 2018), and rubber
wood sawdust (Biswas and Mishra 2015) have been also checked for lead removal.
A. Sabir et al.