165
those estimated parameters, the model can further be expanded to describe the process with different membrane materials and under different operating conditions.
6.7 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
Introduction of the membrane adsorbers in the removal of heavy metals in water
provides an advanced treatment when compared to the conventional suspension
adsorption process. Membrane adsorber is a new class of membrane used in water
treatment applications and has been improved in terms of their throughput and
rejection characteristics. Single-step contaminant removal, exceptional high flux,
and fouling resistance due to hydrophilic properties of nanoparticles are among the
advantages of the membrane adsorbers. Size, type, and functionality of the nanoparticles, as well as strong bonding to polymeric matrix, are known as important issues
nowadays. Nanocomposite nanoparticles, which bring more than one metal oxide
together to utilize their individual characteristics, should be introduced into membrane matrix. Researches have been previously focused on the fabrication of membrane adsorbers in the form of flat sheet membrane. The relatively lower surface
area has led the researchers to hollow fiber configuration as it offers a larger surface
area for the optimum adsorption process. Much more data should be generated for
the evaluation of the model parameters that would then be used safely for predictive
purposes.
References
Agrawal A, Sahu KK (2006) Kinetic and isotherm studies of cadmium adsorption on manganese
nodule residue. J Hazard Mater 137:915–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.039
Arthanareeswaran G, Devi TKS, Raajenthiren M (2008) Effect of silica particles on cellulose
acetate blend ultrafiltration membranes: part I. Sep Purif Technol 64:38–47. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.08.010
Ayyaru S, Ahn Y-H (2017) Application of sulfonic acid group functionalized graphene oxide to
improve hydrophilicity, permeability, and antifouling of PVDF nanocomposite ultrafiltration
membranes. J Membr Sci 525:210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.10.048
Ayyaru S, Ahn Y-H (2018) Fabrication and separation performance of polyethersulfone/sulfonated TiO 2 (PES–STiO 2 ) ultrafiltration membranes for fouling mitigation. J Ind Eng Chem
67:199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.06.030
Azimi A, Azari A, Rezakazemi M, Ansarpour M (2017) Removal of heavy metals from industrial
wastewaters: a review. Chem Bio Eng Rev 4:37–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201600010
Babel S, Kurniawa TA (2003) Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated
water: a review. J Hazard Mater 97:219–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00263-7
Barakat MA (2011) New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arab J
Chem 4:361–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.07.019
Basri H, Ismail AF, Aziz M (2011) Polyethersulfone (PES)-silver composite UF membrane: the
effect of silver content and PVP of different molecular weight on membrane morphology and
antibacterial activity. Desalination 273:72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.11.010
6 Recovery of Heavy Metals by Membrane Adsorbers
those estimated parameters, the model can further be expanded to describe the process with different membrane materials and under different operating conditions.
6.7 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
Introduction of the membrane adsorbers in the removal of heavy metals in water
provides an advanced treatment when compared to the conventional suspension
adsorption process. Membrane adsorber is a new class of membrane used in water
treatment applications and has been improved in terms of their throughput and
rejection characteristics. Single-step contaminant removal, exceptional high flux,
and fouling resistance due to hydrophilic properties of nanoparticles are among the
advantages of the membrane adsorbers. Size, type, and functionality of the nanoparticles, as well as strong bonding to polymeric matrix, are known as important issues
nowadays. Nanocomposite nanoparticles, which bring more than one metal oxide
together to utilize their individual characteristics, should be introduced into membrane matrix. Researches have been previously focused on the fabrication of membrane adsorbers in the form of flat sheet membrane. The relatively lower surface
area has led the researchers to hollow fiber configuration as it offers a larger surface
area for the optimum adsorption process. Much more data should be generated for
the evaluation of the model parameters that would then be used safely for predictive
purposes.
References
Agrawal A, Sahu KK (2006) Kinetic and isotherm studies of cadmium adsorption on manganese
nodule residue. J Hazard Mater 137:915–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.039
Arthanareeswaran G, Devi TKS, Raajenthiren M (2008) Effect of silica particles on cellulose
acetate blend ultrafiltration membranes: part I. Sep Purif Technol 64:38–47. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.08.010
Ayyaru S, Ahn Y-H (2017) Application of sulfonic acid group functionalized graphene oxide to
improve hydrophilicity, permeability, and antifouling of PVDF nanocomposite ultrafiltration
membranes. J Membr Sci 525:210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.10.048
Ayyaru S, Ahn Y-H (2018) Fabrication and separation performance of polyethersulfone/sulfonated TiO 2 (PES–STiO 2 ) ultrafiltration membranes for fouling mitigation. J Ind Eng Chem
67:199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2018.06.030
Azimi A, Azari A, Rezakazemi M, Ansarpour M (2017) Removal of heavy metals from industrial
wastewaters: a review. Chem Bio Eng Rev 4:37–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.201600010
Babel S, Kurniawa TA (2003) Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated
water: a review. J Hazard Mater 97:219–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00263-7
Barakat MA (2011) New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arab J
Chem 4:361–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.07.019
Basri H, Ismail AF, Aziz M (2011) Polyethersulfone (PES)-silver composite UF membrane: the
effect of silver content and PVP of different molecular weight on membrane morphology and
antibacterial activity. Desalination 273:72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.11.010
6 Recovery of Heavy Metals by Membrane Adsorbers