transcriptions. This analysis aimed at answering
the questions above, by means of interpreting the
quotes from the interview transcriptions based on
interrelations derived from connections between
the codes.
4 Case Descriptions
The volcanic regions of the world consistently
face hazards related to the volcano eruption cycle
patterns. Indonesia has 132 active volcanoes,
with the stratovolcano Mt. Merapi known as one
of the most active in the world (Thouret et al.
2000). It is located 30 km north of Yogyakarta,
belonging to a cross-island chain of four stratovolcanoes comprising Mt. Ungaran, Mt. Telemoyo, Mt. Merbabu, and Mt. Merapi. It has
killed more than 3,000–5,000 people since 1672
(Camus et al. 2000) and many more people may
have been killed within the recorded 10,000-year
history of Mt. Merapi (Newhall et al. 2000). The
volcano is known for its semi-continuous outpours of lava and active building of the summit
dome, with its periodic dome collapse and
destruction (Gertisser et al. 2012). Mt. Merapi
plays an essential role in the living conditions of
the Opak sub-basin.
The whole volcanic river basin is represented
in two governance levels: regional level and
village level (municipal depiction). The regional
level includes the whole Opak sub-basin, with
respondents of experts and from organizations
and a total of 17 respondents. The experts were
selected based on their involvement in the water
management and the culture, for example, an exhead of an agency, a prince, a water expert, and a
humanist. Respondents from organizations were
selected based on their capacity as the person in
charge and more than five years of tenure position. The organizations were clustered into
(1) national government in regional level:
BBWS SO (Serayu Opak RBO), BPDAS SOP
(Serayu Opak Progo Watersheds Management
Authority), and BPPTKG (Center of Volcanology); (2) regional government: PU-P ESDM DIY
(Public Works, Energy and Natural Resources
Agency) and BPBD DIY (Disaster Management
Agency); and (3) municipal government: DSDA
(Water Resources Agencies) and village level
governments. For the village level, the sub-cases
chosen were based on the severity of lahar
impacts of post-2010 eruption based on data by
the BBWS SO: (1) upstream: Argomulyo;
(2) midstream: Gowongan; and (3) downstream:
Kebonagung. At this level, the individual interview rounds were conducted with “wise” persons
(those with in-depth depth knowledge on CEK)
with a total of 30 respondents. There were also
focus group discussions held after the interviews
as described above. Figure 2 provides the location of the study case and its sub-cases in the
river basin territory of Progo Opak Serang,
within the provincial boundary of the Yogyakarta
Special Region (black line), and within the Opak
sub-basin (red line).
5 Results
The main elements were divided into historical
experiences and mechanism of transfer, but also
the relation within the mechanism of transfers,
which represent additional findings, namely the
legitimization and symbolization process.
The first process, legitimization, is related to
the knowledge generation, in which the CEK is
always based on historical experiences (extreme
disasters) of the natural dynamics of conservation
and temporal experiences (eruption cycles and
seasonal patterns). These experiences are then
selected and refined through a legitimization
process by the institutionalized structure and
dynamics of the community before they are
transferred into the next generation. One
respondent, a humanist from Gadjah Mada
University, provided an example wherein the
Royals or the Kraton people (the Sultan and his
relatives), who reign in the Government structures provide the necessary legitimacy for a
certain CEK being conserved and used. This
condition explains that things such as pranata
mangsa are a product of their era and require
legitimization of the highest societal order, for
example, the Sultan, to exist. Based on this
explanation, the researcher also found out that:
190
V. Ariyanti et al.
the questions above, by means of interpreting the
quotes from the interview transcriptions based on
interrelations derived from connections between
the codes.
4 Case Descriptions
The volcanic regions of the world consistently
face hazards related to the volcano eruption cycle
patterns. Indonesia has 132 active volcanoes,
with the stratovolcano Mt. Merapi known as one
of the most active in the world (Thouret et al.
2000). It is located 30 km north of Yogyakarta,
belonging to a cross-island chain of four stratovolcanoes comprising Mt. Ungaran, Mt. Telemoyo, Mt. Merbabu, and Mt. Merapi. It has
killed more than 3,000–5,000 people since 1672
(Camus et al. 2000) and many more people may
have been killed within the recorded 10,000-year
history of Mt. Merapi (Newhall et al. 2000). The
volcano is known for its semi-continuous outpours of lava and active building of the summit
dome, with its periodic dome collapse and
destruction (Gertisser et al. 2012). Mt. Merapi
plays an essential role in the living conditions of
the Opak sub-basin.
The whole volcanic river basin is represented
in two governance levels: regional level and
village level (municipal depiction). The regional
level includes the whole Opak sub-basin, with
respondents of experts and from organizations
and a total of 17 respondents. The experts were
selected based on their involvement in the water
management and the culture, for example, an exhead of an agency, a prince, a water expert, and a
humanist. Respondents from organizations were
selected based on their capacity as the person in
charge and more than five years of tenure position. The organizations were clustered into
(1) national government in regional level:
BBWS SO (Serayu Opak RBO), BPDAS SOP
(Serayu Opak Progo Watersheds Management
Authority), and BPPTKG (Center of Volcanology); (2) regional government: PU-P ESDM DIY
(Public Works, Energy and Natural Resources
Agency) and BPBD DIY (Disaster Management
Agency); and (3) municipal government: DSDA
(Water Resources Agencies) and village level
governments. For the village level, the sub-cases
chosen were based on the severity of lahar
impacts of post-2010 eruption based on data by
the BBWS SO: (1) upstream: Argomulyo;
(2) midstream: Gowongan; and (3) downstream:
Kebonagung. At this level, the individual interview rounds were conducted with “wise” persons
(those with in-depth depth knowledge on CEK)
with a total of 30 respondents. There were also
focus group discussions held after the interviews
as described above. Figure 2 provides the location of the study case and its sub-cases in the
river basin territory of Progo Opak Serang,
within the provincial boundary of the Yogyakarta
Special Region (black line), and within the Opak
sub-basin (red line).
5 Results
The main elements were divided into historical
experiences and mechanism of transfer, but also
the relation within the mechanism of transfers,
which represent additional findings, namely the
legitimization and symbolization process.
The first process, legitimization, is related to
the knowledge generation, in which the CEK is
always based on historical experiences (extreme
disasters) of the natural dynamics of conservation
and temporal experiences (eruption cycles and
seasonal patterns). These experiences are then
selected and refined through a legitimization
process by the institutionalized structure and
dynamics of the community before they are
transferred into the next generation. One
respondent, a humanist from Gadjah Mada
University, provided an example wherein the
Royals or the Kraton people (the Sultan and his
relatives), who reign in the Government structures provide the necessary legitimacy for a
certain CEK being conserved and used. This
condition explains that things such as pranata
mangsa are a product of their era and require
legitimization of the highest societal order, for
example, the Sultan, to exist. Based on this
explanation, the researcher also found out that:
190
V. Ariyanti et al.