244
Environmental and health impacts (cont.)
in-situ leach (ISL) mining, 72, 74
mean airborne concentration, uranium, 76
milling process, 75 (see also Mining legacy)
nuclear energy benefits, 70
OP mining, 73
public health and safety regulation, 70
regulatory oversight and mining practices, 72
types and grade of uranium, 73, 74
UG mining, 73
uranium mining, 70, 71
Environmental dose assessment, 177
Environmental transfer process
freshwater biota uptake, 202
freshwater sediments, 202
marine sediments, 202
radiological and chemical impacts, 196
uptake and retention
solids and sediments, 196
terrestrial plants, 196
uranium transfer, terrestrial animals, 199
F
Fertilisers
aggregated TFs, 127
agrochemical techniques, 126
cereal crops, 129, 130, 132
heavy natural radionuclides, 126
neutron activation analysis, 127
non-chernozem zone, 127, 129
Fission
enriched uranium, 29
and radionuclides, 18
H
Hair compartment model, 225
Hazard quotient (HQ), 220
Health effects
external radiation exposure, 20
in uranium miners, 28
History
early mining period, 6, 7, 9, 10
milestones, 2, 4–6
nuclear age, 15, 16
production of uranium, 16, 18, 19
radioactive era, 11, 13, 14
Hyperaccumulator, 156
I
ICRP’s uranium systemic model, 223, 225
In-situ leach (ISL) mining, 15, 74
International Union of Radioecology (IUR), 139
Interstitial (pore) solutions, 40
K
Kd coefficient
exchangeable and conditionally
biologically available uranium,
52, 54
interstitial (pore) waters of soils, 46, 47, 50
solid phase-pore solution distribution
coefficient, 55–57
L
Lifetime average daily dose (LADD), 220
Lipsztein’s model, 223
M
Mathematical model
conceptual and, 211
radiological and chemical impacts, 193
Metal transporters, 153, 157
Microbial activities, 156
Milling process, 75
Mine tailings, 80, 83, 85
Mining and milling
attention and appropriate remedial
action, 27
epidemiological studies, 28, 29
legacy uranium mine sites, 28
(see also Radioactivity)
Mining legacy
African countries, 78–80
Canada, 82, 83
Centre-North of Portugal, 80, 82
India, 84–86
N
Natural occurring radioactive material
(NORM), 137
Natural radionuclides, 92
Natural waters and sediments, 93, 94
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 18
O
Open pit (OP) mining, 73
Open pits/underground mines, 15
Organic matter
and hydrous ferric oxides, 142
uranium uptake by plants, 142
Index
Environmental and health impacts (cont.)
in-situ leach (ISL) mining, 72, 74
mean airborne concentration, uranium, 76
milling process, 75 (see also Mining legacy)
nuclear energy benefits, 70
OP mining, 73
public health and safety regulation, 70
regulatory oversight and mining practices, 72
types and grade of uranium, 73, 74
UG mining, 73
uranium mining, 70, 71
Environmental dose assessment, 177
Environmental transfer process
freshwater biota uptake, 202
freshwater sediments, 202
marine sediments, 202
radiological and chemical impacts, 196
uptake and retention
solids and sediments, 196
terrestrial plants, 196
uranium transfer, terrestrial animals, 199
F
Fertilisers
aggregated TFs, 127
agrochemical techniques, 126
cereal crops, 129, 130, 132
heavy natural radionuclides, 126
neutron activation analysis, 127
non-chernozem zone, 127, 129
Fission
enriched uranium, 29
and radionuclides, 18
H
Hair compartment model, 225
Hazard quotient (HQ), 220
Health effects
external radiation exposure, 20
in uranium miners, 28
History
early mining period, 6, 7, 9, 10
milestones, 2, 4–6
nuclear age, 15, 16
production of uranium, 16, 18, 19
radioactive era, 11, 13, 14
Hyperaccumulator, 156
I
ICRP’s uranium systemic model, 223, 225
In-situ leach (ISL) mining, 15, 74
International Union of Radioecology (IUR), 139
Interstitial (pore) solutions, 40
K
Kd coefficient
exchangeable and conditionally
biologically available uranium,
52, 54
interstitial (pore) waters of soils, 46, 47, 50
solid phase-pore solution distribution
coefficient, 55–57
L
Lifetime average daily dose (LADD), 220
Lipsztein’s model, 223
M
Mathematical model
conceptual and, 211
radiological and chemical impacts, 193
Metal transporters, 153, 157
Microbial activities, 156
Milling process, 75
Mine tailings, 80, 83, 85
Mining and milling
attention and appropriate remedial
action, 27
epidemiological studies, 28, 29
legacy uranium mine sites, 28
(see also Radioactivity)
Mining legacy
African countries, 78–80
Canada, 82, 83
Centre-North of Portugal, 80, 82
India, 84–86
N
Natural occurring radioactive material
(NORM), 137
Natural radionuclides, 92
Natural waters and sediments, 93, 94
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 18
O
Open pit (OP) mining, 73
Open pits/underground mines, 15
Organic matter
and hydrous ferric oxides, 142
uranium uptake by plants, 142
Index