in times of hardships such as droughts. They often rely on
local materials that are more adaptable to extended periods
of economic hardship, and develop more relevant methods to
save water and energy use when early informed. That is why
among the most urgent lessons learnt from the weak loops in
the MENA region is to (i) ensure an early system of information for women about the expected climate change in their
relevant areas, (ii) increase scientific research on gender and
climate change, and gender analysis collection; (iii) ensure
women’s equal participation in all levels of decision-making,
through targeted capacity building efforts; (iv) enhance
efforts to ensure the availability of climate finance that is
gender-responsive, and that it is reaching poor women and
the most vulnerable community groups; (v) upgrade mechanisms to promote a balanced participation of indigenous
women and grassroots communities.
Finally, a call for more active responsibility of the
international community to finance and guide gender integration in the MENA region is inevitable to increase the
woman participation in climate change adaptation measures,
after all, women are the keepers of the household and their
daily practices are most relevant to climate change. Thus,
they can act as active agents of change to have a better
sustainable development.
Appendix
The sample includes 18 MENA economies: Algeria,
Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Malta, Oman,
Qatar, Tunisia, United Arab of Emirates, Syrian Arab
Republic, Saudi Arab kingdom, Yemen, Iraq, Djibouti,
Libya, and Iran.
References
Arafa, D., El‐Fattal, L., & Laamrani, H. (2007). Gender & WDM in the
Middle East & North Africa. The regional water demand initiative
in the Middle East and North Africa. Water Demand Management
Research Series, Working paper No. 3.
Banuri, T., & Opschoor, H. (2007). Climate change and sustainable
development. DESA Working Paper No. 56.
Costantini, V., & Martini, C. (2006). A modified environmental Kuznets
curve for sustainable development assessment using panel data.
Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) Working Paper No. 148.06.
Delivering on the Paris Promises Homepage. (2018). Retrieved July 6,
2018, from http://www.deliveringonparis.com/human-rights.
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Centre for Environment and
Development for the Arab Region and Europe and the Global
Gender Office of the International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN). (2011). National strategy for mainstreaming gender in
climate change in Egypt. IUCN Global Gender Office, Finland.
Grossman, G., & Krueger, A. (1995). Does the environmental Kuznets
curve describe how individual countries behave. The Quarterly
Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377.
Hoffmann, R., Lee, C., Ramasamy, B., & Yeung, M. (2005). FDI and
pollution: A Granger causality test using panel data. Journal of
International Development, 17, 311–317.
Nabli, M., & Chamlou, N. (2004). Gender and development in the
Middle East and North Africa: Women in the public sphere.
Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Olsen, K. (2007). The clean development mechanism’s contribution to
sustainable development: A review of the literature. Climatic
Change, 84(1), 59–73.
Pearce, D., & Atkinson, G. (1993). Capital theory and the measurement
of sustainable development: An indicator of “weak” sustainability.
Ecological Economics, 8, 103–108.
Stern, D. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve. Encyclopedia of
energy, vol. 2 (pp. 517–525).
Sustainable Energy for All. (2017). Opening doors: Mapping the
landscape for sustainable energy, gender diversity & social
inclusion. Sustainable Energy for All, Washington, D.C.
The Global Gender Office of the International Union for Conservation
of Nature. (2012). The art of implementation; Gender strategies
transforming national and regional climate change decision making.
IUCN Global Gender Office on behalf of GGCA, Finland.
The World Bank. (2012). Adaption to a changing climate in the Arab
Countries: MENA development report. In D. Verner (Eds.), no.
64635. The World Bank, Washington D.C. (pp. 26–37).
The World Bank Open Data Homepage. Retrieved Sept 22, 2018, from
http://www.data.worldbank.org/indicator.
United Nations Development Program. (2010). Gender, climate change
and community-based adaptation. UNDP, New York.
Wikipedia homepage. Retrieved Feb 4, 2016, from http://wikipedia.org/
wiki/Our_Common_Future.
The Existence of Modified Environmental Kuznets Curve …
245
local materials that are more adaptable to extended periods
of economic hardship, and develop more relevant methods to
save water and energy use when early informed. That is why
among the most urgent lessons learnt from the weak loops in
the MENA region is to (i) ensure an early system of information for women about the expected climate change in their
relevant areas, (ii) increase scientific research on gender and
climate change, and gender analysis collection; (iii) ensure
women’s equal participation in all levels of decision-making,
through targeted capacity building efforts; (iv) enhance
efforts to ensure the availability of climate finance that is
gender-responsive, and that it is reaching poor women and
the most vulnerable community groups; (v) upgrade mechanisms to promote a balanced participation of indigenous
women and grassroots communities.
Finally, a call for more active responsibility of the
international community to finance and guide gender integration in the MENA region is inevitable to increase the
woman participation in climate change adaptation measures,
after all, women are the keepers of the household and their
daily practices are most relevant to climate change. Thus,
they can act as active agents of change to have a better
sustainable development.
Appendix
The sample includes 18 MENA economies: Algeria,
Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Malta, Oman,
Qatar, Tunisia, United Arab of Emirates, Syrian Arab
Republic, Saudi Arab kingdom, Yemen, Iraq, Djibouti,
Libya, and Iran.
References
Arafa, D., El‐Fattal, L., & Laamrani, H. (2007). Gender & WDM in the
Middle East & North Africa. The regional water demand initiative
in the Middle East and North Africa. Water Demand Management
Research Series, Working paper No. 3.
Banuri, T., & Opschoor, H. (2007). Climate change and sustainable
development. DESA Working Paper No. 56.
Costantini, V., & Martini, C. (2006). A modified environmental Kuznets
curve for sustainable development assessment using panel data.
Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM) Working Paper No. 148.06.
Delivering on the Paris Promises Homepage. (2018). Retrieved July 6,
2018, from http://www.deliveringonparis.com/human-rights.
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Centre for Environment and
Development for the Arab Region and Europe and the Global
Gender Office of the International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN). (2011). National strategy for mainstreaming gender in
climate change in Egypt. IUCN Global Gender Office, Finland.
Grossman, G., & Krueger, A. (1995). Does the environmental Kuznets
curve describe how individual countries behave. The Quarterly
Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377.
Hoffmann, R., Lee, C., Ramasamy, B., & Yeung, M. (2005). FDI and
pollution: A Granger causality test using panel data. Journal of
International Development, 17, 311–317.
Nabli, M., & Chamlou, N. (2004). Gender and development in the
Middle East and North Africa: Women in the public sphere.
Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Olsen, K. (2007). The clean development mechanism’s contribution to
sustainable development: A review of the literature. Climatic
Change, 84(1), 59–73.
Pearce, D., & Atkinson, G. (1993). Capital theory and the measurement
of sustainable development: An indicator of “weak” sustainability.
Ecological Economics, 8, 103–108.
Stern, D. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve. Encyclopedia of
energy, vol. 2 (pp. 517–525).
Sustainable Energy for All. (2017). Opening doors: Mapping the
landscape for sustainable energy, gender diversity & social
inclusion. Sustainable Energy for All, Washington, D.C.
The Global Gender Office of the International Union for Conservation
of Nature. (2012). The art of implementation; Gender strategies
transforming national and regional climate change decision making.
IUCN Global Gender Office on behalf of GGCA, Finland.
The World Bank. (2012). Adaption to a changing climate in the Arab
Countries: MENA development report. In D. Verner (Eds.), no.
64635. The World Bank, Washington D.C. (pp. 26–37).
The World Bank Open Data Homepage. Retrieved Sept 22, 2018, from
http://www.data.worldbank.org/indicator.
United Nations Development Program. (2010). Gender, climate change
and community-based adaptation. UNDP, New York.
Wikipedia homepage. Retrieved Feb 4, 2016, from http://wikipedia.org/
wiki/Our_Common_Future.
The Existence of Modified Environmental Kuznets Curve …
245