that FCA can be used up to 40% in structural concrete. For
this replacement percentage, an increase of 16% and 7% was
registered for the compressive strength and split tensile
strength respectively. However, none of the previous studies
have worked on a comparison between the fine aggregate
replacement and cement replacement by ceramic waste for
the same mix grade. On the other hand, other researches
have mainly focused on the compressive strength regardless
of other important mechanical properties such as the flexural
tensile strength and the elastic modulus. Moreover, this
study produces a cost value for this replacement which is so
important for the market. Therefore, the current study is
trying to add more emphasis toward using CWP into
concrete.
2 Methodology of This Research
In this study, an experimental test has been conducted on
utilizing 20 and 30% of CWP in concrete as a partial
replacement of cement and fine aggregate. The high percentages of 20 and 30% were selected as most previous
studies have concluded that those percentages can be used
without much reduction. On the other hand, using a high
percentage of cement replacement can help in decreasing the
cost of the concrete mix.
The mechanical properties of the new concrete have been
obtained together with the cost to check the economic
behind using this substitution.
3 Experimental Procedure
3.1 Materials
Figure 1 shows all the materials used in the mixes as
follows:
3.1.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was used in this experimental research. The used Portland Cement is a product of
UltraTech Cement based in UAE. This cement is Type I of
Class 42.5 N.
3.1.2 Natural Coarse Aggregate (NCA)
10 and 20 mm Natural Coarse Aggregates (NCAs) are used
in mixes of this experimental research. Various tests such as
sieve analysis, rodded unit weight, moisture content, water
absorption, abrasion value test and specific gravity were
conducted using ASTM standards (Kett 2010). Results of
these tests are shown in Table 1. Furthermore, the combination ratio of 10 and 20 mm coarse aggregate used in this
experimental research is 1:4.
3.1.3 Natural Fine Aggregate (NFA)
Black sand fine aggregate is used in the mixes produced in
this research. Tests such as sieve analysis, specific gravity,
fineness modulus, moisture content, and water absorption
were found according to ASTM standards (Kett 2010).
Table 1 shows the properties of the used black sand. The
fineness modulus is 3.27 which is more than 3. This indicates that this sand is a coarse type.
3.1.4 Recycled Ceramic Waste
The ceramic wastes used are from factory wastage based in
UAE. This wastage was collected and crushed in particle
sizes ranging from 4.75 mm to 0.015 mm to be applied as a
partial replacement of the fine aggregate. Table 1 demonstrates the properties of the Ceramic Fine Aggregate (CFA).
The CFA has less specific gravity than the Natural Fine
Aggregate (NFA). Also, it is finer since the fineness modulus
is much lower (2.66). On the other hand, the water absorption and the moisture content for the CFA are much higher
than the NFA.
Besides CFA, Ceramic Waste Powder (CWP) from the
polishing process of the ceramic tiles was used partially
instead of the cement.
3.1.5 Superplasticizer
A superplasticizer was used with all mixes to confirm a high
workability with the low water to cement ratio applied. The
type of the superplasticizer is PC 400 by PAC Technologies
based on Poly-Carboxylate Ether (PCE) polymers (PAC
Technologies LLC 2018). After the 80% addition of the total
water, 1.25% of the cement weight was poured during the
mixing.
3.2 Mix Proportions
The concrete mix design was done using ASTM standard
(Kett 2010) to comply with M40 concrete grade. M40 grade
is to obtain a characteristic cylindrical compressive strength
(f ck ) of 40 MPa and mean cylindrical strength (f cr ) of
49.6 MPa (Kett 2010). The mix code and the description of
each mix can be found in Table 2. Also, Table 3 displays the
mix proportions.
3.3 Tests on Hardened Concrete
Samples from each concrete mix described in Tables 2 and 3
were prepared and cured in water until the date of the test.
Figure 2 shows the samples where cubes of 150 Â 150
150 mm and cylinders of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm
height were made to obtain the axial compressive strength
and elastic modulus. Moreover, beam samples of
172
A. Rostami et al.
this replacement percentage, an increase of 16% and 7% was
registered for the compressive strength and split tensile
strength respectively. However, none of the previous studies
have worked on a comparison between the fine aggregate
replacement and cement replacement by ceramic waste for
the same mix grade. On the other hand, other researches
have mainly focused on the compressive strength regardless
of other important mechanical properties such as the flexural
tensile strength and the elastic modulus. Moreover, this
study produces a cost value for this replacement which is so
important for the market. Therefore, the current study is
trying to add more emphasis toward using CWP into
concrete.
2 Methodology of This Research
In this study, an experimental test has been conducted on
utilizing 20 and 30% of CWP in concrete as a partial
replacement of cement and fine aggregate. The high percentages of 20 and 30% were selected as most previous
studies have concluded that those percentages can be used
without much reduction. On the other hand, using a high
percentage of cement replacement can help in decreasing the
cost of the concrete mix.
The mechanical properties of the new concrete have been
obtained together with the cost to check the economic
behind using this substitution.
3 Experimental Procedure
3.1 Materials
Figure 1 shows all the materials used in the mixes as
follows:
3.1.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was used in this experimental research. The used Portland Cement is a product of
UltraTech Cement based in UAE. This cement is Type I of
Class 42.5 N.
3.1.2 Natural Coarse Aggregate (NCA)
10 and 20 mm Natural Coarse Aggregates (NCAs) are used
in mixes of this experimental research. Various tests such as
sieve analysis, rodded unit weight, moisture content, water
absorption, abrasion value test and specific gravity were
conducted using ASTM standards (Kett 2010). Results of
these tests are shown in Table 1. Furthermore, the combination ratio of 10 and 20 mm coarse aggregate used in this
experimental research is 1:4.
3.1.3 Natural Fine Aggregate (NFA)
Black sand fine aggregate is used in the mixes produced in
this research. Tests such as sieve analysis, specific gravity,
fineness modulus, moisture content, and water absorption
were found according to ASTM standards (Kett 2010).
Table 1 shows the properties of the used black sand. The
fineness modulus is 3.27 which is more than 3. This indicates that this sand is a coarse type.
3.1.4 Recycled Ceramic Waste
The ceramic wastes used are from factory wastage based in
UAE. This wastage was collected and crushed in particle
sizes ranging from 4.75 mm to 0.015 mm to be applied as a
partial replacement of the fine aggregate. Table 1 demonstrates the properties of the Ceramic Fine Aggregate (CFA).
The CFA has less specific gravity than the Natural Fine
Aggregate (NFA). Also, it is finer since the fineness modulus
is much lower (2.66). On the other hand, the water absorption and the moisture content for the CFA are much higher
than the NFA.
Besides CFA, Ceramic Waste Powder (CWP) from the
polishing process of the ceramic tiles was used partially
instead of the cement.
3.1.5 Superplasticizer
A superplasticizer was used with all mixes to confirm a high
workability with the low water to cement ratio applied. The
type of the superplasticizer is PC 400 by PAC Technologies
based on Poly-Carboxylate Ether (PCE) polymers (PAC
Technologies LLC 2018). After the 80% addition of the total
water, 1.25% of the cement weight was poured during the
mixing.
3.2 Mix Proportions
The concrete mix design was done using ASTM standard
(Kett 2010) to comply with M40 concrete grade. M40 grade
is to obtain a characteristic cylindrical compressive strength
(f ck ) of 40 MPa and mean cylindrical strength (f cr ) of
49.6 MPa (Kett 2010). The mix code and the description of
each mix can be found in Table 2. Also, Table 3 displays the
mix proportions.
3.3 Tests on Hardened Concrete
Samples from each concrete mix described in Tables 2 and 3
were prepared and cured in water until the date of the test.
Figure 2 shows the samples where cubes of 150 Â 150
150 mm and cylinders of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm
height were made to obtain the axial compressive strength
and elastic modulus. Moreover, beam samples of
172
A. Rostami et al.