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Swanson M L, Kondolf G M, Boison P J. 1989. An example of rapid gully initiation and extension
by subsurface erosion: coastal San Mateo County, California. Geomorphology, 2(4): 393–403.
Thorp J. 1936. Geography of the soils of China// The National Geological Survey of China. Nanking.
Uchida T, Kosugi K, Mizuyama T. 1999. Runoff characteristics of pipeflow and effects of pipeflow
on rainfall-runoff phenomena in a mountainous watershed. Journal of Hydrology, 222(1–4):
18–36.
Verachtert E, Van Den Eeckhaut M, Poesen J, et al. 2010. Factors controlling the spatial distribution
of soil piping erosion on loess-derived soils: a case study from central Belgium. Geomorphology,
118(3–4): 339–348.
Walsh R P D, Howells K A. 1988. Soil pipes and their role in runoff generation and chemical
denudation in a humid tropical catchment in Dominica. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,
13(1): 9–17.
Wang B K. 1989. Factors causing tunnel erosion. Acta of Soil and Water Conservation, 3(3): 84–90
(in Chinese).
Wang X K, Qian N, Hu W D. 1982. The formation and process of confluence of the flow with hyperconcentration in the Gullied-Hilly Loess areas of the Yellow River Basin. Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, (7): 26–35 (in Chinese).
Wilson C M, Smart P L. 1984. Pipes and pipe flow processes in an upland catchment Wales. Catena,
11(2–3): 145–158.
Wilson G V, Rigby J R, Dabney S M. 2015. Soil pipe collapses in a loess pasture of Goodwin Creek
watershed, Mississippi: role of soil properties and past land use. Earth Surface Processes and
Landforms, 40(11): 1448–1463.
Yair A, Lavee H, Bryan R B, et al. 1980. Runoff and erosion processes and rates in the Zin Valley
badlands, Northern Negev, Israel. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 5(3): 205–225.
Zeng B Q. 1983. Methods for soil and water losses monitoring in the small catchment. Soil and
Water Conservation of Shanxi, (3): 61–68 (in Chinese).
Zhang Z G, Zheng B Q, Jia Z J. 1992. Precipitation characteristics in Wangjiagou Basin, Western
Shanxi// Wang F T. Soil Erosion Management and Application of Geographical Information
System on the Loess Plateau Region, Western Shanxi. Beijing: Science Press: 1–12 (in Chinese).
Zhu X M. 1958. Tunnel erosion in the loess region. Construction of the Yellow River, (3): 43–44
(in Chinese).
Zhu T X. 1997. Deep-seated, complex tunnel systems—a hydrological study in a semi-arid
catchment, Loess Plateau of China. Geomorphology, 20(3): 255–267.
Zhu T X. 2003. Tunnel development over a 12-year period in a semi-arid catchment of the Loess
Plateau, China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 28(5): 507–525.
Zhu T X. 2006. Initiation and development processes of tunnel systems in the hilly loess region of
northern China. International Journal of Sediment Research, 21(3): 171–179.
Zhu T X. 2012. Gully and tunnel erosion in the hilly Loess Plateau region, China. Geomorphology,
153–154(1): 144–155.
Zhu T X, Cai Q G, Luk S H. 2000. Contribution of tunnel erosion to sediment yield in a semi-arid
catchment. International Journal of Sediment Research, 15(4): 440–444.
Zhu T X, Luk S H, Cai Q G. 2002. Tunnel erosion and sediment production in the hilly loess region,
North China. Journal of Hydrology, 257(1–4): 78–90.
225
Swanson M L, Kondolf G M, Boison P J. 1989. An example of rapid gully initiation and extension
by subsurface erosion: coastal San Mateo County, California. Geomorphology, 2(4): 393–403.
Thorp J. 1936. Geography of the soils of China// The National Geological Survey of China. Nanking.
Uchida T, Kosugi K, Mizuyama T. 1999. Runoff characteristics of pipeflow and effects of pipeflow
on rainfall-runoff phenomena in a mountainous watershed. Journal of Hydrology, 222(1–4):
18–36.
Verachtert E, Van Den Eeckhaut M, Poesen J, et al. 2010. Factors controlling the spatial distribution
of soil piping erosion on loess-derived soils: a case study from central Belgium. Geomorphology,
118(3–4): 339–348.
Walsh R P D, Howells K A. 1988. Soil pipes and their role in runoff generation and chemical
denudation in a humid tropical catchment in Dominica. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,
13(1): 9–17.
Wang B K. 1989. Factors causing tunnel erosion. Acta of Soil and Water Conservation, 3(3): 84–90
(in Chinese).
Wang X K, Qian N, Hu W D. 1982. The formation and process of confluence of the flow with hyperconcentration in the Gullied-Hilly Loess areas of the Yellow River Basin. Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, (7): 26–35 (in Chinese).
Wilson C M, Smart P L. 1984. Pipes and pipe flow processes in an upland catchment Wales. Catena,
11(2–3): 145–158.
Wilson G V, Rigby J R, Dabney S M. 2015. Soil pipe collapses in a loess pasture of Goodwin Creek
watershed, Mississippi: role of soil properties and past land use. Earth Surface Processes and
Landforms, 40(11): 1448–1463.
Yair A, Lavee H, Bryan R B, et al. 1980. Runoff and erosion processes and rates in the Zin Valley
badlands, Northern Negev, Israel. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 5(3): 205–225.
Zeng B Q. 1983. Methods for soil and water losses monitoring in the small catchment. Soil and
Water Conservation of Shanxi, (3): 61–68 (in Chinese).
Zhang Z G, Zheng B Q, Jia Z J. 1992. Precipitation characteristics in Wangjiagou Basin, Western
Shanxi// Wang F T. Soil Erosion Management and Application of Geographical Information
System on the Loess Plateau Region, Western Shanxi. Beijing: Science Press: 1–12 (in Chinese).
Zhu X M. 1958. Tunnel erosion in the loess region. Construction of the Yellow River, (3): 43–44
(in Chinese).
Zhu T X. 1997. Deep-seated, complex tunnel systems—a hydrological study in a semi-arid
catchment, Loess Plateau of China. Geomorphology, 20(3): 255–267.
Zhu T X. 2003. Tunnel development over a 12-year period in a semi-arid catchment of the Loess
Plateau, China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 28(5): 507–525.
Zhu T X. 2006. Initiation and development processes of tunnel systems in the hilly loess region of
northern China. International Journal of Sediment Research, 21(3): 171–179.
Zhu T X. 2012. Gully and tunnel erosion in the hilly Loess Plateau region, China. Geomorphology,
153–154(1): 144–155.
Zhu T X, Cai Q G, Luk S H. 2000. Contribution of tunnel erosion to sediment yield in a semi-arid
catchment. International Journal of Sediment Research, 15(4): 440–444.
Zhu T X, Luk S H, Cai Q G. 2002. Tunnel erosion and sediment production in the hilly loess region,
North China. Journal of Hydrology, 257(1–4): 78–90.