224
13 Tunnel Flow and Erosion Processes …
Dardis G F, Beckedahl H R. 1988. Drainage evolution in an ephemeral soil-pipe gully system,
Transkei, Southern Africa// Dardis G F, Moon B P. Geomorphological Studies in Southern Africa:
Rotterdam, Balkema: 247–265.
Drew D P. 1982. Piping in the big muddy badlands, southern Saskatchewan, Canada// Bryan R,
Yair A. Badland Geomorphology and Piping, Norwich: GeoBook: 293–304.
Faulkner H, Alexander R, Teeuw R, et al. 2004. Variations in soil dispersivity across a gully head
displaying shallow sub-surface pipes, and the role of shallow pipes in rill initiation. Earth Surface
Processes and Landforms, 29(9): 1143–1160.
Frankl A, Deckers J, Moulaert L, et al. 2016. Integrated solutions for combating gully erosion in
areas prone to soil piping: innovations from the drylands of Northern Ethiopia. Land Degradation
and Development, 27(8): 1797–1804.
Fuller M L. 1922. Some unusual erosion features in the loess of China. Geographical Review, 12(4):
570–584.
Gilman K, Newson M D. 1980. Soil pipes and pipeflows—a hydrological study in upland wales.
Norwich: Geobooks: 114.
Hamilton H. 1990. Field examination of soil erosion and losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from
the agricultural watershed in the Loess Plateau, People’s Republic of China. Canada: University
of Toronto: 205.
Harvey A. 1982. The role of piping in the development of badlands and gully systems in south-east
Spain// Bryan R, Yair A. Badland Geomorphology and Piping. Norwich: GeoBook: 317–335.
Heede B H. 1971. Characteristics and processes of soil piping in gullies. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service Research Paper, RM-68: 15.
Holden J. 2005. Controls of soil pipe frequency in upland blanket peat. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Earth Surface, 110(F1): F01002.
Jones J A A. 1981. The nature of soil piping: a review of research// British Geomorphological
Research Group Research Monograph No.3. Norwich: GeoBooks: 301.
Jones J A A. 1987. The effects of soil piping on contributing areas and erosion patterns. Earth
Surface Processes and Landforms, 12(3): 229–248.
Jones J A A, Crane F G. 1984. Pipeflow and pipe erosion in the Maesnant experimental catchment//
Burt T P, Walling D E. Catchment Experiments in Fluvial Geomorphology. Norwich: GeoBooks:
55–72.
Jones J A A, Bryan R B. 1997. Piping erosion. Special Issue in Geomorphology: 319.
Liu D S. 1964. Loess deposits in the middle reaches of Yellow River. Beijing: Science Press: 234
(in Chinese).
Luk S H. 1991. Soil erosion and land management in the Loess Plateau Region, North China.
Chinese Geography and Environment, 3: 3–28.
McCaig M. 1983. Contributions to storm quickflow in a small headwater catchment - the role of
natural pipes and soil macropores. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 8(3): 239–252.
Onda Y. 1994. Seepage erosion and its implication to the formation of amphitheatre valley heads:
a case study at Obara, Japan. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 19(7): 627–640.
Parker G G, Jenne E A. 1967. Structural failure of western highways caused by piping. Highway
Research Record, 203.
Parker G G, Higgins C G, Wood W W. 1990. Piping and pseudokarst in drylands. Geological Society
of America Special Paper, 252: 77–110.
Piccarreta M, Faulkner H, Bentivenga M, et al. 2006. The influence of physico-chemical material
properties on erosion processes in the badlands of Basilicata, Southern Italy. Geomorphology,
81(3–4): 235–251.
Qian N, Wan Z H. 1983. Sedimentology. Beijing: Science Press: 656 (in Chinese).
Seppälä M. 1997. Piping causing thermokarst in permafrost, Ungava Peninsula, Quebec, Canada.
Geomorphology, 20(3–4): 313–319.
SISWC (Shanxi Institute of Soil and Water Conservation). 1982. Rainfall, runoff and sediment data
(1955–1981), unpublished (in Chinese).
13 Tunnel Flow and Erosion Processes …
Dardis G F, Beckedahl H R. 1988. Drainage evolution in an ephemeral soil-pipe gully system,
Transkei, Southern Africa// Dardis G F, Moon B P. Geomorphological Studies in Southern Africa:
Rotterdam, Balkema: 247–265.
Drew D P. 1982. Piping in the big muddy badlands, southern Saskatchewan, Canada// Bryan R,
Yair A. Badland Geomorphology and Piping, Norwich: GeoBook: 293–304.
Faulkner H, Alexander R, Teeuw R, et al. 2004. Variations in soil dispersivity across a gully head
displaying shallow sub-surface pipes, and the role of shallow pipes in rill initiation. Earth Surface
Processes and Landforms, 29(9): 1143–1160.
Frankl A, Deckers J, Moulaert L, et al. 2016. Integrated solutions for combating gully erosion in
areas prone to soil piping: innovations from the drylands of Northern Ethiopia. Land Degradation
and Development, 27(8): 1797–1804.
Fuller M L. 1922. Some unusual erosion features in the loess of China. Geographical Review, 12(4):
570–584.
Gilman K, Newson M D. 1980. Soil pipes and pipeflows—a hydrological study in upland wales.
Norwich: Geobooks: 114.
Hamilton H. 1990. Field examination of soil erosion and losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from
the agricultural watershed in the Loess Plateau, People’s Republic of China. Canada: University
of Toronto: 205.
Harvey A. 1982. The role of piping in the development of badlands and gully systems in south-east
Spain// Bryan R, Yair A. Badland Geomorphology and Piping. Norwich: GeoBook: 317–335.
Heede B H. 1971. Characteristics and processes of soil piping in gullies. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service Research Paper, RM-68: 15.
Holden J. 2005. Controls of soil pipe frequency in upland blanket peat. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Earth Surface, 110(F1): F01002.
Jones J A A. 1981. The nature of soil piping: a review of research// British Geomorphological
Research Group Research Monograph No.3. Norwich: GeoBooks: 301.
Jones J A A. 1987. The effects of soil piping on contributing areas and erosion patterns. Earth
Surface Processes and Landforms, 12(3): 229–248.
Jones J A A, Crane F G. 1984. Pipeflow and pipe erosion in the Maesnant experimental catchment//
Burt T P, Walling D E. Catchment Experiments in Fluvial Geomorphology. Norwich: GeoBooks:
55–72.
Jones J A A, Bryan R B. 1997. Piping erosion. Special Issue in Geomorphology: 319.
Liu D S. 1964. Loess deposits in the middle reaches of Yellow River. Beijing: Science Press: 234
(in Chinese).
Luk S H. 1991. Soil erosion and land management in the Loess Plateau Region, North China.
Chinese Geography and Environment, 3: 3–28.
McCaig M. 1983. Contributions to storm quickflow in a small headwater catchment - the role of
natural pipes and soil macropores. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 8(3): 239–252.
Onda Y. 1994. Seepage erosion and its implication to the formation of amphitheatre valley heads:
a case study at Obara, Japan. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 19(7): 627–640.
Parker G G, Jenne E A. 1967. Structural failure of western highways caused by piping. Highway
Research Record, 203.
Parker G G, Higgins C G, Wood W W. 1990. Piping and pseudokarst in drylands. Geological Society
of America Special Paper, 252: 77–110.
Piccarreta M, Faulkner H, Bentivenga M, et al. 2006. The influence of physico-chemical material
properties on erosion processes in the badlands of Basilicata, Southern Italy. Geomorphology,
81(3–4): 235–251.
Qian N, Wan Z H. 1983. Sedimentology. Beijing: Science Press: 656 (in Chinese).
Seppälä M. 1997. Piping causing thermokarst in permafrost, Ungava Peninsula, Quebec, Canada.
Geomorphology, 20(3–4): 313–319.
SISWC (Shanxi Institute of Soil and Water Conservation). 1982. Rainfall, runoff and sediment data
(1955–1981), unpublished (in Chinese).