networks, including different international actors and using the EU as a model),
18
its impact on Turkey’s domestic change and so on the development of environmental law, management and protection has continued, albeit in a limited way
(Savaşan, 2019).
19
2.6 The Opening of the Chapter on Environment (2009)
and Onwards
In parallel with the necessary changes made in the administrative, financial and
legal fields to comply with the EU Environmental Acquis for improving environmental protection, the evaluation report for Turkey on the fulfilment of the opening
benchmarks for the Chapter on Environment (Chapter 27) was endorsed by the
Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) on 12 November 2009
(European Commission, 2007). After that, at the Brussels Summit held on 21
December 2009, this Chapter was opened for negotiations (Council of the European
Union, 2009).
In the EU Common Position, there are six closing benchmarks, one political and
five technical, for the Chapter on Environment (called Chapter on Environment and
Climate Change since 2012). Those are:
Political benchmark:
• Fulfilling the necessary obligations set out in the Additional Protocol to the
Association Agreement between Turkey and the EU (2005).
Technical benchmarks:
• Adopting the EU’s horizontal environmental legislation, including its transboundary aspects. That means that legislation involving the subjects related to
the EIA, strategic environmental assessment (SEA), environmental liability, and
accession to environmental information, requires alignment with the following
Directives: Directive 2011/92/EU, Directive 2001/42/EC, Directive 2003/4/EC.
• Adopting the acquis in the field of water quality, specifically its Framework
Water Protection Law, and establishing River Basin Protection Action Plans,
requires alignment with the Directive 2000/60/EC.
• Adopting the acquis in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management requires the alignment with the Directive 2010/75/EU, Council
Directive 1996/82/EC (Seveso-II).
18
On policy learning, stipulating that domestic change comes through the enduring alteration of
thought processes or behavioural intentions of domestic actors, see Checkel (2005); Sabatier
(1988).
19
On EU-induced learning in the field of environment and climate policy as a mechanism of EU
influence on transnational networks, see Busch and Jörgens (2005); Lenschow (2012).
18
Z. Savaşan
18
its impact on Turkey’s domestic change and so on the development of environmental law, management and protection has continued, albeit in a limited way
(Savaşan, 2019).
19
2.6 The Opening of the Chapter on Environment (2009)
and Onwards
In parallel with the necessary changes made in the administrative, financial and
legal fields to comply with the EU Environmental Acquis for improving environmental protection, the evaluation report for Turkey on the fulfilment of the opening
benchmarks for the Chapter on Environment (Chapter 27) was endorsed by the
Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) on 12 November 2009
(European Commission, 2007). After that, at the Brussels Summit held on 21
December 2009, this Chapter was opened for negotiations (Council of the European
Union, 2009).
In the EU Common Position, there are six closing benchmarks, one political and
five technical, for the Chapter on Environment (called Chapter on Environment and
Climate Change since 2012). Those are:
Political benchmark:
• Fulfilling the necessary obligations set out in the Additional Protocol to the
Association Agreement between Turkey and the EU (2005).
Technical benchmarks:
• Adopting the EU’s horizontal environmental legislation, including its transboundary aspects. That means that legislation involving the subjects related to
the EIA, strategic environmental assessment (SEA), environmental liability, and
accession to environmental information, requires alignment with the following
Directives: Directive 2011/92/EU, Directive 2001/42/EC, Directive 2003/4/EC.
• Adopting the acquis in the field of water quality, specifically its Framework
Water Protection Law, and establishing River Basin Protection Action Plans,
requires alignment with the Directive 2000/60/EC.
• Adopting the acquis in the field of industrial pollution control and risk management requires the alignment with the Directive 2010/75/EU, Council
Directive 1996/82/EC (Seveso-II).
18
On policy learning, stipulating that domestic change comes through the enduring alteration of
thought processes or behavioural intentions of domestic actors, see Checkel (2005); Sabatier
(1988).
19
On EU-induced learning in the field of environment and climate policy as a mechanism of EU
influence on transnational networks, see Busch and Jörgens (2005); Lenschow (2012).
18
Z. Savaşan