CHAPTER I
LITTERATURE REVIEW
27
abundantly in wild, very alkaline, mineral-rich, and largely pollution-free soda lakes around
the world. These freshwater ponds and lakes, which favor Spirulina growth, have a notably
higher pH range (9 to 11) than ordinary lakes and cannot sustain other forms of
microorganisms (Rosario and Josephine, 2015).
The water in these environments is too salty, with pH levels reaching up to 11, to support fish,
terrestrial crops, or be used for drinking. However, it is ideal for growing Spirulina, which
thrives in very warm waters between 32°C and 45°C (approximately 85°F to 112°F) and can
even survive temperatures as high as 60°C (140°F). In fact, the hotter the conditions and the
more mineral salts concentrate as water evaporates, the more prolifically Spirulina grows.
(Rosario and Josephine, 2015)
3.7 Applications of spirulina
Spirulina platensis, a type of blue-green algae, has a wide range of applications, including in
the food industry, pharmaceutical, and poultry industries. It is considered a complete nutritional
source and has been used as a dietary supplement for its high protein, vitamins, and minerals
content. It is also used in medicine to treat various health conditions due to its bioactive
compounds Additionally, Spirulina has been studied for its potential use in preventing
oxidative stress and inflammation (Fais et al., 2022). In the poultry industry, the addition of
Spirulina platensis has been shown to positively influence productive performances (Bondar
et al., 2023). Also, it has been used as a complementary dietary ingredient of feed for fish and
shrimp (P., 2014). Furthermore, Spirulina platensis has been studied for its potential use in
bioplastics, with research showing that it can be used to fabricate strong and stiff bioplastics
(Iyer et al., 2023). The growth and productivity of Spirulina depend on factors such as nutrient
concentration, temperature, light spectrum, intensity, and pH, which influence its biochemical
composition. Spirulina is listed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as "generally
recognized as safe" (GRAS) and is relatively easy to cultivate but flourishes only in alkaline
lakes with an extremely high pH and in large sunny climates. It is sold mainly as a dietary
supplement in the form of health drinks or capsules (Costa et al., 2019).
3.8 Cultivation
The world production of spirulina increased since 1995 by more than 4000Tones/an (Statistics
CUBIA, 2000). This species can be developed artificially in laboratory developed media and/or
naturally under lake conditions. Moreover, Algeria developed Spirulina in the synthetic
LITTERATURE REVIEW
27
abundantly in wild, very alkaline, mineral-rich, and largely pollution-free soda lakes around
the world. These freshwater ponds and lakes, which favor Spirulina growth, have a notably
higher pH range (9 to 11) than ordinary lakes and cannot sustain other forms of
microorganisms (Rosario and Josephine, 2015).
The water in these environments is too salty, with pH levels reaching up to 11, to support fish,
terrestrial crops, or be used for drinking. However, it is ideal for growing Spirulina, which
thrives in very warm waters between 32°C and 45°C (approximately 85°F to 112°F) and can
even survive temperatures as high as 60°C (140°F). In fact, the hotter the conditions and the
more mineral salts concentrate as water evaporates, the more prolifically Spirulina grows.
(Rosario and Josephine, 2015)
3.7 Applications of spirulina
Spirulina platensis, a type of blue-green algae, has a wide range of applications, including in
the food industry, pharmaceutical, and poultry industries. It is considered a complete nutritional
source and has been used as a dietary supplement for its high protein, vitamins, and minerals
content. It is also used in medicine to treat various health conditions due to its bioactive
compounds Additionally, Spirulina has been studied for its potential use in preventing
oxidative stress and inflammation (Fais et al., 2022). In the poultry industry, the addition of
Spirulina platensis has been shown to positively influence productive performances (Bondar
et al., 2023). Also, it has been used as a complementary dietary ingredient of feed for fish and
shrimp (P., 2014). Furthermore, Spirulina platensis has been studied for its potential use in
bioplastics, with research showing that it can be used to fabricate strong and stiff bioplastics
(Iyer et al., 2023). The growth and productivity of Spirulina depend on factors such as nutrient
concentration, temperature, light spectrum, intensity, and pH, which influence its biochemical
composition. Spirulina is listed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as "generally
recognized as safe" (GRAS) and is relatively easy to cultivate but flourishes only in alkaline
lakes with an extremely high pH and in large sunny climates. It is sold mainly as a dietary
supplement in the form of health drinks or capsules (Costa et al., 2019).
3.8 Cultivation
The world production of spirulina increased since 1995 by more than 4000Tones/an (Statistics
CUBIA, 2000). This species can be developed artificially in laboratory developed media and/or
naturally under lake conditions. Moreover, Algeria developed Spirulina in the synthetic