Vol:.(1234567890)
Research Article
SN Applied Sciences
(2023) 5:158
| https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05376-x
using webGNOME and NOAA ADIOS, showing negative
impacts on coastal areas. The results of the oil spill trajectories and alterations were discussed in this section.
Figures 12, 13, 14, 15 depict the oil concentrations at
the surface as a function of particle density 48 h after the
oil spill for the various scenarios tested. The preset color
scale based on the Bonn Appearance (oil appearance at
different thicknesses or concentrations) was used because
concentration maps were a more effective representation.
Moreover, it shows the uneven distribution of hydrocarbons while clearly illustrating high-concentration regions
containing most of the oil. After superimposing the results
of various scenarios, we present the trajectories of the oil
slick, the most likely areas to be reached in the various possible cases, and the various physical and chemical changes
that occur when oil is spilled in the marine environment.
The results of the various winter scenarios 2018 simulations show that for a wind speed of 13 to 15 knots North,
the oil slick type ALGERIAN BLEND spilled in the two points
P1 and P2 and moved towards the center of the bay of
Arzew in the first hour. After 24 h of a spill at point P1 near
11, 40 km of coastline was affected, with a beached quantity of 7.3%, equivalent to 363 metric tons of oil, 62.8%
of the spilled quantity evaporated, equivalent to 3139
mt, and a natural dispersion of 0.6%, equivalent to 29 mt,
and 29.3% floating, equivalent to 1467 mt. However, after
48 h (Fig. 12a), the oil slick moved to the West, affecting
14.93 km of coastline with a stranded quantity of 20.6%,
equivalent to 1895 metric tons of oil, an increase in evaporation to 64.1% of the quantity spilled, equivalent to 6156
metric tons, a natural dispersion of 57 mt, and 14.6.3%
floating, equivalent to 1489 metric tons. However, after
24 h, the oil slick at point P2 continues to move without
beaching (beached 0%), with a similar amount of evaporation and natural dispersion as the spill at point P1 of 62.8%
and 0.6%. We notice that the oil slick begins to beach at
a rate of 0.1% after 36 h, and after 48 h (Fig. 12b), 4.6%
are stranded, equivalent to 436 mt or nearly 29.60 km of
the coast was affected, and areas affected are (beach). Sidi
Mansour, Mers El Hadjadj, the beautiful beach of Pont aux
Poules, El Mecta, Bethioua, Ain El Bia, Arzew, and Cape Carbon are all nearby.
The simulation model of hydrocarbon ALGERIAN CONDENSATE STATOIL, for winter 2022, with a volume of 30,000
metric tons, shows that after 24 h, the slick moves westward without stranding in the two points of spill P1 and
P2, with 84.1% evaporation, 12% sedimentation, and 3.7%
floating. After 48 h of spillage at point P1 (Fig. 12c) and at
point P2 (Fig. 12d), the oil slick beached on nearly 28 km
of the Gulf of Arzew’s western coast, and areas affected
are (beach): Sidi Mansour, Mers El Hadjadj, the beautiful
beach of Pont aux Poules, El Mecta, Bethioua, Ain El Bia,
Arzew, and Cape Carbon. The volume evaporated is 83.9%,
equivalent to 13,022 mt, with natural dispersion of 13.9%,
1889 mt, sedimentation of 0.1%, 23 mt, and floating of
2.1%, equivalent to 546 mt.
The results of the various modeling scenarios for the
winter season for 2018 and 2022 show that the coastal
areas of central and western Arzew, such as Pont aux
Poule, Betioua, Arzew, and Cap Carbon, are the most
likely to be reached by the oil slick. These areas are highly
sensitive to the oil spill (Fig. 6 represents the balance of
the maps of the coastline’s physical, socio-economic, and
biological sensitivity). Because they are areas of artificial
reef implementation, Cap Carbon and Pont aux Poule are
classified as essential areas with a low resistance to protection, whereas Sidi Mansour, Mers El Hadjadj, and Ain El Bia
are classified as high sensitivity.
For the autumn 2018 scenarios, for a 14-knot westerly
wind speed, with a spill volume of 10,000 mt of the ALGERIAN BLEND type, which started on April 13, 2018, at 8 am
and lasted 48 h until April 15, 2018, at 8 am, the results
of the simulations showed that after 24 h of the spill at
point P1, the oil slick moved towards the East and for the
spill at point P2 the slick moved towards the North-East
without beaching in both cases. After 24 h, the evaporation rate is 64.2%, or 3208 mt, with a natural dispersion of
0.6%, or 30 mt, and floating equally to 35.2%, or 1761 mt.
After 42–48 h, a portion of the oil slick at point P1 (Fig. 13a)
beached on the North-East coast near Cap Ivi in Mostaganem, affecting approximately 11.90 km, with an evaporation rate of 67%, equivalent to 5716 mt and a quantity
of 57 mt (0.6%) dispersed naturally and 31.3% floating
equivalent to 2818 mt with 0% sedimentation. Even after
48 h, the oil slick from the P2 (Fig. 13b) spill continues to
move northeastward toward the open sea without beaching (Beachede 0%), with similar dispersion and floating
evaporation rates as the P1 spill.
The scenarios began on May 15, 2022, at 1 pm and
ended on May 17, 2022, with a volume of 30 000 metric
tons of ALGERIAN CONDENSATE STATOIL. After 24 h, the
oil slick moved towards the North-East for the two spill
points P1 and P2, in the same direction as the slick followed in the autumn 2018 scenario, without beaching
(Beached 0%), with an evaporation rate of 87.5% equivalent to 13,118 mt. After 48 h, a large portion of the oil slick
beached on the north-east coast of Mostaganem noting
(Mazagran, Oureah beach to Stidia) on approximately
19.40 km (Fig. 13c). However, only 8.20 km of the coast was
affected by the spill at point P2 (Fig. 13d), always on the
northeast coast of Mostaganem, with an evaporation rate
of 87.3%, equivalent to 25,922 mt, natural dispersion of
10.8%, equivalent to 3289 mt, floating of 2.2%, equivalent
to 548 mt, and very low sedimentation of 0.1%, equivalent to 17 mt. For the autumn 2018 and 2022 scenarios,
the most likely areas to be reached by oil spills are the
Research Article
SN Applied Sciences
(2023) 5:158
| https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05376-x
using webGNOME and NOAA ADIOS, showing negative
impacts on coastal areas. The results of the oil spill trajectories and alterations were discussed in this section.
Figures 12, 13, 14, 15 depict the oil concentrations at
the surface as a function of particle density 48 h after the
oil spill for the various scenarios tested. The preset color
scale based on the Bonn Appearance (oil appearance at
different thicknesses or concentrations) was used because
concentration maps were a more effective representation.
Moreover, it shows the uneven distribution of hydrocarbons while clearly illustrating high-concentration regions
containing most of the oil. After superimposing the results
of various scenarios, we present the trajectories of the oil
slick, the most likely areas to be reached in the various possible cases, and the various physical and chemical changes
that occur when oil is spilled in the marine environment.
The results of the various winter scenarios 2018 simulations show that for a wind speed of 13 to 15 knots North,
the oil slick type ALGERIAN BLEND spilled in the two points
P1 and P2 and moved towards the center of the bay of
Arzew in the first hour. After 24 h of a spill at point P1 near
11, 40 km of coastline was affected, with a beached quantity of 7.3%, equivalent to 363 metric tons of oil, 62.8%
of the spilled quantity evaporated, equivalent to 3139
mt, and a natural dispersion of 0.6%, equivalent to 29 mt,
and 29.3% floating, equivalent to 1467 mt. However, after
48 h (Fig. 12a), the oil slick moved to the West, affecting
14.93 km of coastline with a stranded quantity of 20.6%,
equivalent to 1895 metric tons of oil, an increase in evaporation to 64.1% of the quantity spilled, equivalent to 6156
metric tons, a natural dispersion of 57 mt, and 14.6.3%
floating, equivalent to 1489 metric tons. However, after
24 h, the oil slick at point P2 continues to move without
beaching (beached 0%), with a similar amount of evaporation and natural dispersion as the spill at point P1 of 62.8%
and 0.6%. We notice that the oil slick begins to beach at
a rate of 0.1% after 36 h, and after 48 h (Fig. 12b), 4.6%
are stranded, equivalent to 436 mt or nearly 29.60 km of
the coast was affected, and areas affected are (beach). Sidi
Mansour, Mers El Hadjadj, the beautiful beach of Pont aux
Poules, El Mecta, Bethioua, Ain El Bia, Arzew, and Cape Carbon are all nearby.
The simulation model of hydrocarbon ALGERIAN CONDENSATE STATOIL, for winter 2022, with a volume of 30,000
metric tons, shows that after 24 h, the slick moves westward without stranding in the two points of spill P1 and
P2, with 84.1% evaporation, 12% sedimentation, and 3.7%
floating. After 48 h of spillage at point P1 (Fig. 12c) and at
point P2 (Fig. 12d), the oil slick beached on nearly 28 km
of the Gulf of Arzew’s western coast, and areas affected
are (beach): Sidi Mansour, Mers El Hadjadj, the beautiful
beach of Pont aux Poules, El Mecta, Bethioua, Ain El Bia,
Arzew, and Cape Carbon. The volume evaporated is 83.9%,
equivalent to 13,022 mt, with natural dispersion of 13.9%,
1889 mt, sedimentation of 0.1%, 23 mt, and floating of
2.1%, equivalent to 546 mt.
The results of the various modeling scenarios for the
winter season for 2018 and 2022 show that the coastal
areas of central and western Arzew, such as Pont aux
Poule, Betioua, Arzew, and Cap Carbon, are the most
likely to be reached by the oil slick. These areas are highly
sensitive to the oil spill (Fig. 6 represents the balance of
the maps of the coastline’s physical, socio-economic, and
biological sensitivity). Because they are areas of artificial
reef implementation, Cap Carbon and Pont aux Poule are
classified as essential areas with a low resistance to protection, whereas Sidi Mansour, Mers El Hadjadj, and Ain El Bia
are classified as high sensitivity.
For the autumn 2018 scenarios, for a 14-knot westerly
wind speed, with a spill volume of 10,000 mt of the ALGERIAN BLEND type, which started on April 13, 2018, at 8 am
and lasted 48 h until April 15, 2018, at 8 am, the results
of the simulations showed that after 24 h of the spill at
point P1, the oil slick moved towards the East and for the
spill at point P2 the slick moved towards the North-East
without beaching in both cases. After 24 h, the evaporation rate is 64.2%, or 3208 mt, with a natural dispersion of
0.6%, or 30 mt, and floating equally to 35.2%, or 1761 mt.
After 42–48 h, a portion of the oil slick at point P1 (Fig. 13a)
beached on the North-East coast near Cap Ivi in Mostaganem, affecting approximately 11.90 km, with an evaporation rate of 67%, equivalent to 5716 mt and a quantity
of 57 mt (0.6%) dispersed naturally and 31.3% floating
equivalent to 2818 mt with 0% sedimentation. Even after
48 h, the oil slick from the P2 (Fig. 13b) spill continues to
move northeastward toward the open sea without beaching (Beachede 0%), with similar dispersion and floating
evaporation rates as the P1 spill.
The scenarios began on May 15, 2022, at 1 pm and
ended on May 17, 2022, with a volume of 30 000 metric
tons of ALGERIAN CONDENSATE STATOIL. After 24 h, the
oil slick moved towards the North-East for the two spill
points P1 and P2, in the same direction as the slick followed in the autumn 2018 scenario, without beaching
(Beached 0%), with an evaporation rate of 87.5% equivalent to 13,118 mt. After 48 h, a large portion of the oil slick
beached on the north-east coast of Mostaganem noting
(Mazagran, Oureah beach to Stidia) on approximately
19.40 km (Fig. 13c). However, only 8.20 km of the coast was
affected by the spill at point P2 (Fig. 13d), always on the
northeast coast of Mostaganem, with an evaporation rate
of 87.3%, equivalent to 25,922 mt, natural dispersion of
10.8%, equivalent to 3289 mt, floating of 2.2%, equivalent
to 548 mt, and very low sedimentation of 0.1%, equivalent to 17 mt. For the autumn 2018 and 2022 scenarios,
the most likely areas to be reached by oil spills are the