74
L. J. Rather et al.
properties of the textile. Various nano materials are used to enhance the wrinkle resistance of textiles [160]. Lam et al. explored the wrinkle-resistant property of cotton
specimens treated by butane tetra-carboxylic acid and catalyzed by SHP in the presence of nano-TiO 2 . They revealed that the addition of nano-TiO 2 further enhance the
wrinkle resistance of BTCA/SHP-treated cotton fabrics [161]. TiO 2 nanoparticles
restrict the molecular movement of cellulose chains and leads to the improvement
of crease resistance. In situ preparation of silver nanoparticles on the cotton fabric
using silver nitrate with a reducing agent and stabilizer citric acid/sodium hypophosphite has been reported by various scientists to enhance wrinkle resistance properties
[162, 163].
6.4 Biological Degradation
Biological degradation i.e. microbial metabolism offers an exceptional alternative to
different conventional physical/chemical treatments approaches used for the decontamination of toxic from the wastes of textiles. Usually the off-site biological treatment system for hazardous waste management provides an exceptional alternative to
this problem. This is the only means to totally mineralize numerous toxic compounds
from textile industry [164] and have the following advantages:
• It is an ecologically sound, and a natural process.
• The toxic chemicals are destroyed or detoxified into harmless intermediates and
finally assimilating them forming carbon dioxide and water.
• This method is reported to be less costly as it employs growing the microorganisms
at the outlay of the toxic chemicals.
• Functioning conditions are less extreme and controls are not required.
• This can often be accomplished where the problem is located, eliminating the
necessity to transport large quantities of contaminated wastes off site.
In biological degradation of textile effluent, various microorganisms have been
found that are capable of degrading different toxic effluents include bacteria [165–
167], fungi [168–170] and algae [171]. To impact the efficiency of biodegradation
treatment process, various essential factors are required. To speed up the biological
degradation process, seeding of contaminated wastewater of textile effluents with
competent microflora that are capable to destroy hazardous waste is used in the
treatment. The injected microorganisms either may be prepared in the laboratory or
naturally occurring types to attack the target waste [172]. Temperature has a key
and important influence on the microbial growth rate. Cellular activity, particularly
enzyme systems, retorts to heat so that the rate of cell growth increases abruptly
with increasing temperature until the optimum growth temperature is reached. Cell
growth can slow down dramatically by an increase in temperature only a few degrees
above an organism’s optimum temperature and cell death can occur by continued
exposure to high temperature. The biological degradation process also depends on
the pH of the surrounding environment which is important for microbial growth
L. J. Rather et al.
properties of the textile. Various nano materials are used to enhance the wrinkle resistance of textiles [160]. Lam et al. explored the wrinkle-resistant property of cotton
specimens treated by butane tetra-carboxylic acid and catalyzed by SHP in the presence of nano-TiO 2 . They revealed that the addition of nano-TiO 2 further enhance the
wrinkle resistance of BTCA/SHP-treated cotton fabrics [161]. TiO 2 nanoparticles
restrict the molecular movement of cellulose chains and leads to the improvement
of crease resistance. In situ preparation of silver nanoparticles on the cotton fabric
using silver nitrate with a reducing agent and stabilizer citric acid/sodium hypophosphite has been reported by various scientists to enhance wrinkle resistance properties
[162, 163].
6.4 Biological Degradation
Biological degradation i.e. microbial metabolism offers an exceptional alternative to
different conventional physical/chemical treatments approaches used for the decontamination of toxic from the wastes of textiles. Usually the off-site biological treatment system for hazardous waste management provides an exceptional alternative to
this problem. This is the only means to totally mineralize numerous toxic compounds
from textile industry [164] and have the following advantages:
• It is an ecologically sound, and a natural process.
• The toxic chemicals are destroyed or detoxified into harmless intermediates and
finally assimilating them forming carbon dioxide and water.
• This method is reported to be less costly as it employs growing the microorganisms
at the outlay of the toxic chemicals.
• Functioning conditions are less extreme and controls are not required.
• This can often be accomplished where the problem is located, eliminating the
necessity to transport large quantities of contaminated wastes off site.
In biological degradation of textile effluent, various microorganisms have been
found that are capable of degrading different toxic effluents include bacteria [165–
167], fungi [168–170] and algae [171]. To impact the efficiency of biodegradation
treatment process, various essential factors are required. To speed up the biological
degradation process, seeding of contaminated wastewater of textile effluents with
competent microflora that are capable to destroy hazardous waste is used in the
treatment. The injected microorganisms either may be prepared in the laboratory or
naturally occurring types to attack the target waste [172]. Temperature has a key
and important influence on the microbial growth rate. Cellular activity, particularly
enzyme systems, retorts to heat so that the rate of cell growth increases abruptly
with increasing temperature until the optimum growth temperature is reached. Cell
growth can slow down dramatically by an increase in temperature only a few degrees
above an organism’s optimum temperature and cell death can occur by continued
exposure to high temperature. The biological degradation process also depends on
the pH of the surrounding environment which is important for microbial growth