Environmental Profile of Nano-finished Textile …
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1. By adding conductive fillers, like conductive carbon black, carbon fiber, CNTs,
metal powder, and flake to the spinning dope of synthetic fibers.
2. Incorporation of yarns or conductive fibers into the fabric [154].
Lamination of conducting layers onto the fabric surface, conductive coating, zinc
arc spraying, ionic plating, vacuum metallization, and sputtering.
6.3 Development of Resistance
High washing resistance of textiles was achieved when new chemicals were applied
on polymeric dendrimers and their performance was dependent on the concentration
of chemicals. To enhance self-extinguishing of fibers, scientists developed flameretardant agents for finishing of fabric and this flame-retardant finishing enhanced the
resistance of the fabric against igniting. Also, the flame spread rate reduced because
of using flame retardant finishing. Aromatic structured polymeric chains such as
aramids and the poly(meta-aramid) fiber can be used to produce fire resistance types
of regular fibers. Kevlar (Du Pont), has high modulus and tenacity, besides its great
heat and fire resistance [155]. Modacrylic and flame-retardant viscose fibers were
prepared for inherently fire-retardant fabrics. These fibers were typically used for the
manufacture of firefighting clothes and anti-flash arc work wears. Flame-retardant
agents, containing various metals phosphorus, boron, nitrogen, silicon, and other
nanostructures, have been explored to produce the flame resistance of fabrics and
polymers [156]. Phosphorus-based agents among various other halogen-free flame
retardants display high flame-retardant properties but these compounds typically
have low water resistance to cause significant reductions in insulation properties and
high humidity and appearance in high temperatures [157].
So, using non-halogen and non-phosphorous based flame-retardant agents in
various applications are favored. Gashti et al. prepared coating with waterrepellent and flame-retardant properties from cellulose fibers using a polycarboxylic
acid/hydrophobic silica nanocomposite. The thermal properties of the substrate were
increased by the incorporation of nanoparticles because the nanoparticles modify the
surface of fibers, which have high heat resistance, heat insulation effect, and mass
transport barrier toward cotton molecular chains [158]. Carosio et al. produced a new
technique to improve flame-retardant properties of textile fabric by using multilayered thin films. Polyethylene terephthalate fabrics were covered with silica nanoparticles using the layer-by-layer assembly method. Bilayers of positively and negatively
charged colloidal silica nanoparticles increased time to ignition and decreased heat
release rate peak of polyethylene terephthalate fabric. This study establishes the capability to impart flame-retardant behavior using a water-based, environment-friendly
protective coating [159]. Resins based on formaldehyde such as phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, and cross-linking agents such as
glutaraldehyde and poly-carboxylic acid cause an increase in the crease-resistance
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1. By adding conductive fillers, like conductive carbon black, carbon fiber, CNTs,
metal powder, and flake to the spinning dope of synthetic fibers.
2. Incorporation of yarns or conductive fibers into the fabric [154].
Lamination of conducting layers onto the fabric surface, conductive coating, zinc
arc spraying, ionic plating, vacuum metallization, and sputtering.
6.3 Development of Resistance
High washing resistance of textiles was achieved when new chemicals were applied
on polymeric dendrimers and their performance was dependent on the concentration
of chemicals. To enhance self-extinguishing of fibers, scientists developed flameretardant agents for finishing of fabric and this flame-retardant finishing enhanced the
resistance of the fabric against igniting. Also, the flame spread rate reduced because
of using flame retardant finishing. Aromatic structured polymeric chains such as
aramids and the poly(meta-aramid) fiber can be used to produce fire resistance types
of regular fibers. Kevlar (Du Pont), has high modulus and tenacity, besides its great
heat and fire resistance [155]. Modacrylic and flame-retardant viscose fibers were
prepared for inherently fire-retardant fabrics. These fibers were typically used for the
manufacture of firefighting clothes and anti-flash arc work wears. Flame-retardant
agents, containing various metals phosphorus, boron, nitrogen, silicon, and other
nanostructures, have been explored to produce the flame resistance of fabrics and
polymers [156]. Phosphorus-based agents among various other halogen-free flame
retardants display high flame-retardant properties but these compounds typically
have low water resistance to cause significant reductions in insulation properties and
high humidity and appearance in high temperatures [157].
So, using non-halogen and non-phosphorous based flame-retardant agents in
various applications are favored. Gashti et al. prepared coating with waterrepellent and flame-retardant properties from cellulose fibers using a polycarboxylic
acid/hydrophobic silica nanocomposite. The thermal properties of the substrate were
increased by the incorporation of nanoparticles because the nanoparticles modify the
surface of fibers, which have high heat resistance, heat insulation effect, and mass
transport barrier toward cotton molecular chains [158]. Carosio et al. produced a new
technique to improve flame-retardant properties of textile fabric by using multilayered thin films. Polyethylene terephthalate fabrics were covered with silica nanoparticles using the layer-by-layer assembly method. Bilayers of positively and negatively
charged colloidal silica nanoparticles increased time to ignition and decreased heat
release rate peak of polyethylene terephthalate fabric. This study establishes the capability to impart flame-retardant behavior using a water-based, environment-friendly
protective coating [159]. Resins based on formaldehyde such as phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, and cross-linking agents such as
glutaraldehyde and poly-carboxylic acid cause an increase in the crease-resistance