68
L. J. Rather et al.
nano-materials, TiO 2 and ZnO have been successfully and widely used due to low
price [102], white appearance, photo catalytic oxidation ability [103], UV-blocking
and self-cleaning properties [104], and wide range of absorption capacity [103, 105].
The percentage UV absorbance of textile and polymer materials can be improved by
the use of nano metal oxides. The extent and mechanism of protection is specialized
by the nano metal oxides electronic structure and the surface area to volume ratio
[105].
Moreover, use of nano-metals in conjunction with TiO 2 (Ag/TiO 2 ) produced profound effects on the UV-protection property, antibacterial activity, self-cleaning ability and durability to washing process of linen/cotton (50/50%) fabrics [106]. In
another research, Cu 2 O in conjunction with ZnO nanoparticles (Cu 2 O/ZnO) were
synthesized and the subsequent finishing onto the cotton fabric improved UV protection ability compared to the individual use of ZnO and Cu 2 O nanoparticles [107,
108]. Prasad et al. synthesized nanoparticles of ZnO by dipping and spraying procedures for the modification of cotton with antibacterial and UV protection ability
[109]. Under alkaline conditions the negative charge of cellulosic chains is the reason
of fast nucleation of ZnO nanoparticles [110]. UV-Visible radiations cause photofading of dyed fabric/fibers, reduction in the mechanical properties, and sometimes
photo yellowing in wool fabrics. In order to decrease or overcome these limitations
wool textiles have treated with nanoparticles of inorganic metal oxides like TiO 2 ,
ZnO, and Al 2 O 3 which delay the photo yellowing [111, 112].
Use of nano layered double hydroxide of Mg/Al has improved the properties on
textile fabrics from the UV shield and flame retardancy. Use of nano fibers in the
form of protective mat onto the surface of fabric is also recommended to improve UV
protection [113]. Lee et al. reported increasing UV shielding of electrospun PU/ZnO
thin layer with increasing ZNO concentrations [114]. Dadvar et al. reported TiO 2
nanofilm coating on PAN nanofibrous mats possessing very high UV protection.
Decreasing the nanofiber diameter increased UPF values of finished mats [115].
The comparative results of ZnO/PAN and MWCNT/PAN nanofibrous mats showed
better UV shielding ability of composites comprising of MWCNT/PAN nanofiber
mats of 3 g/m
2 area. Carbon nanostructures have also been used to enhance the UV
protection properties with great hydrophobicity and electrical/thermal conductivity
[116]. Utilization of graphene oxide which is a chemically modified derivative of
graphene can simply bind to fibers [117]. Dry approach and conventional dip methods
were used to synthesize GO nano-sheet finished cotton fabric under thermal reduction
of graphene oxide with low transmittance values. Compared to unfinished cotton
(UPF: 14.9) and GO/cotton (UPF: 20.4), graphene nano-sheet/cotton fabrics blend
(UPF: 35.8) possessed greater UV shielding capability [118].
5 Release, Fate, and Transformation Process
After the successful finishing of textile and polymer materials with different nanobased active agents, it is important to check the environmental implications and
L. J. Rather et al.
nano-materials, TiO 2 and ZnO have been successfully and widely used due to low
price [102], white appearance, photo catalytic oxidation ability [103], UV-blocking
and self-cleaning properties [104], and wide range of absorption capacity [103, 105].
The percentage UV absorbance of textile and polymer materials can be improved by
the use of nano metal oxides. The extent and mechanism of protection is specialized
by the nano metal oxides electronic structure and the surface area to volume ratio
[105].
Moreover, use of nano-metals in conjunction with TiO 2 (Ag/TiO 2 ) produced profound effects on the UV-protection property, antibacterial activity, self-cleaning ability and durability to washing process of linen/cotton (50/50%) fabrics [106]. In
another research, Cu 2 O in conjunction with ZnO nanoparticles (Cu 2 O/ZnO) were
synthesized and the subsequent finishing onto the cotton fabric improved UV protection ability compared to the individual use of ZnO and Cu 2 O nanoparticles [107,
108]. Prasad et al. synthesized nanoparticles of ZnO by dipping and spraying procedures for the modification of cotton with antibacterial and UV protection ability
[109]. Under alkaline conditions the negative charge of cellulosic chains is the reason
of fast nucleation of ZnO nanoparticles [110]. UV-Visible radiations cause photofading of dyed fabric/fibers, reduction in the mechanical properties, and sometimes
photo yellowing in wool fabrics. In order to decrease or overcome these limitations
wool textiles have treated with nanoparticles of inorganic metal oxides like TiO 2 ,
ZnO, and Al 2 O 3 which delay the photo yellowing [111, 112].
Use of nano layered double hydroxide of Mg/Al has improved the properties on
textile fabrics from the UV shield and flame retardancy. Use of nano fibers in the
form of protective mat onto the surface of fabric is also recommended to improve UV
protection [113]. Lee et al. reported increasing UV shielding of electrospun PU/ZnO
thin layer with increasing ZNO concentrations [114]. Dadvar et al. reported TiO 2
nanofilm coating on PAN nanofibrous mats possessing very high UV protection.
Decreasing the nanofiber diameter increased UPF values of finished mats [115].
The comparative results of ZnO/PAN and MWCNT/PAN nanofibrous mats showed
better UV shielding ability of composites comprising of MWCNT/PAN nanofiber
mats of 3 g/m
2 area. Carbon nanostructures have also been used to enhance the UV
protection properties with great hydrophobicity and electrical/thermal conductivity
[116]. Utilization of graphene oxide which is a chemically modified derivative of
graphene can simply bind to fibers [117]. Dry approach and conventional dip methods
were used to synthesize GO nano-sheet finished cotton fabric under thermal reduction
of graphene oxide with low transmittance values. Compared to unfinished cotton
(UPF: 14.9) and GO/cotton (UPF: 20.4), graphene nano-sheet/cotton fabrics blend
(UPF: 35.8) possessed greater UV shielding capability [118].
5 Release, Fate, and Transformation Process
After the successful finishing of textile and polymer materials with different nanobased active agents, it is important to check the environmental implications and