64
L. J. Rather et al.
3.2 Inorganic Nano-structured Loaded Organics
(Nano-biocomposites)
The inorganic nano-structured loaded in organics usually known nano-biocomposites
include cyclodextrin and modified cyclodextrin, nano and micro-capsules with inorganic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles loaded in liposomes and dendrimer
nano-composites.
3.2.1 Cyclodextrin
Cyclodextrins, composed of α-1,4-glucopyranose units are the family of cyclic
oligosaccharides, produced during enzymatic degradation/cleavage of starch and
are mainly useful in molecular complexation processes [55, 56]. Three are types of
cyclodextrins: α-cyclodextrin (6 glycosyl units), β-cyclodextrin (7 glycosyl units),
and γ–cyclodextrin (8 glycosyl units). Among the above three cyclodextrins, βcyclodextrin having molecular weight of 1135 and height of 750–800 pm, is most
commonly used in textile applications and is assessable at low price. The two sides of
β-cyclodextrin have different affinities for water as the inner hole of average volume
of 260–265 A
3 is hydrophobic and the external section is hydrophilic [57]. The most
important property of cyclodextrins is their complexation capacity with a wide range
of compound including metallic ions and gaseous compounds (host-guest relationship), which can deliver the perfumed substances and drug carriers in textile industry
via controlled release mechanism [58, 59]. Recently, β-cyclodextrin has been grafted
onto cotton and wool textiles with the help of cross linking agents such as epichlorohydrin, BTCA, etc. [60]. Moreover, β-cyclodextrin has the potential to be loaded
with inorganic nano materials at different textile processing stages and making them
stabilized by using different cross-linking agents on the fabric surfaces [61].
3.2.2 Nano-capsules, Liposomes, and Dendrimers
Nano, micro-capsules, liposomes and dendrimers have been used for the delivery of
different active agents to target organs in drug delivery system [62]. Recently, scientists have developed nano-encapsulation technologies for everlasting anti-microbial
efficacy on cotton fabrics and have been recognized on global and industrial levels
by the Ciba Company [63]. In general, nano and micro-capsules are made of a shell
of natural or synthetic polymers with a core which can host various active agents,
vitamins catalysts, bioactive materials, drugs, proteins, phase change materials and
deodorants. However, a releasable capsule is a concept where the trapped bioactive
agents in the core of the capsule should be released through a continuous precise
release mechanism. A delicate shell which can be excited by changing intensity of
light, temperature and pressure is highly recommended [64, 65]. This can be achieved
L. J. Rather et al.
3.2 Inorganic Nano-structured Loaded Organics
(Nano-biocomposites)
The inorganic nano-structured loaded in organics usually known nano-biocomposites
include cyclodextrin and modified cyclodextrin, nano and micro-capsules with inorganic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles loaded in liposomes and dendrimer
nano-composites.
3.2.1 Cyclodextrin
Cyclodextrins, composed of α-1,4-glucopyranose units are the family of cyclic
oligosaccharides, produced during enzymatic degradation/cleavage of starch and
are mainly useful in molecular complexation processes [55, 56]. Three are types of
cyclodextrins: α-cyclodextrin (6 glycosyl units), β-cyclodextrin (7 glycosyl units),
and γ–cyclodextrin (8 glycosyl units). Among the above three cyclodextrins, βcyclodextrin having molecular weight of 1135 and height of 750–800 pm, is most
commonly used in textile applications and is assessable at low price. The two sides of
β-cyclodextrin have different affinities for water as the inner hole of average volume
of 260–265 A
3 is hydrophobic and the external section is hydrophilic [57]. The most
important property of cyclodextrins is their complexation capacity with a wide range
of compound including metallic ions and gaseous compounds (host-guest relationship), which can deliver the perfumed substances and drug carriers in textile industry
via controlled release mechanism [58, 59]. Recently, β-cyclodextrin has been grafted
onto cotton and wool textiles with the help of cross linking agents such as epichlorohydrin, BTCA, etc. [60]. Moreover, β-cyclodextrin has the potential to be loaded
with inorganic nano materials at different textile processing stages and making them
stabilized by using different cross-linking agents on the fabric surfaces [61].
3.2.2 Nano-capsules, Liposomes, and Dendrimers
Nano, micro-capsules, liposomes and dendrimers have been used for the delivery of
different active agents to target organs in drug delivery system [62]. Recently, scientists have developed nano-encapsulation technologies for everlasting anti-microbial
efficacy on cotton fabrics and have been recognized on global and industrial levels
by the Ciba Company [63]. In general, nano and micro-capsules are made of a shell
of natural or synthetic polymers with a core which can host various active agents,
vitamins catalysts, bioactive materials, drugs, proteins, phase change materials and
deodorants. However, a releasable capsule is a concept where the trapped bioactive
agents in the core of the capsule should be released through a continuous precise
release mechanism. A delicate shell which can be excited by changing intensity of
light, temperature and pressure is highly recommended [64, 65]. This can be achieved