338
S. Adeel et al.
on irradiated fabric but also improved the dyeing properties. It is also concluded that
US treatment has not only reduced the dyeing time, temperature but also reduced
the amount of salt and dye volume used, which is proof that this tool is cost, time
and energy effective. It is inferred that US radiation technology being eco-friendly
tools can also be successfully employed for other dyeing processes to get good color
strength using different fabrics [3].
The need for eco-friendly tools in textile processing is the major concern of
consumers and traders.
Adeel et al. [35] studied the role of ultrasonic radiation (US) on Vat dyeing by
using cellulosic fibers. They found that excellent color strength was obtained by
using un-irradiated cotton fabric with neutral dye bath by using optimum dyeing
conditions. They also found that colorfastness agencies assessed on the shade made
at optimum conditions reveal that the ultrasonic treatment have improve the grading
of colorfastness good to excellent on cotton fabric dyed using Vat Blue 4.
12 Effect of Ultrasonic Radiation (US) on Disperse Dyeing
Umar [66] studied that the role of Ultrasonic radiation on Disperse dyes by using dye
bath radiated for 30 min. has a promising effect on improving color depth onto unirradiated polyester fabric (NRP). When there is due to the ultrasonic treatment, which
produces the cavitation effect and breaks the cluster of dyes into small molecules
via mass transfer kinetics which help to make firm bonding with fabric while irradiation of polyester may not cause opening of voids to such extent due to polymeric
nature of fabric where big molecules fail to diffuse and upon finishing processes, the
unfixed dye is removed and low color strength is observed [27, 63]. He found that
US treatment to a solution (RS. 30 min.) should be given to a dye bath for achieving
good color depth onto polyester fabric (Fig. 19). The role of US treatment has been
found cleaner and more ecofriendly as irradiation of both polyester fabrics and the
solution has given good color strength. He found that the US treatment for 50 min.
irradiated polyester has given excellent results onto irradiated polyester fabric. As the
time of irradiation rises, the reactivity of the polyester fabric for dispersing dyeing
rises. This is because more US irradiation provides more cavitation which results in
the transfer of energy towards colorant clusters to break into smaller molecules that
upon, dyeing finds easy penetration into fiber. Hence US treatment to both polyester
and dye solution for 50 min. has given significant results. Good color strength was
obtained at 140 °C for 50 min displayed in (Fig. 20a, b). using a dyeing bath of pH
3 keeping material-to-liquor ratio 1:30 by using 0.5 g/100 mL dispersant (Fig. 20c,
b). Colorfastness properties of dyed fabric at optimum dyeing conditions assessed,
which found fair to good fastness agencies of due to the influence of microwave
radiation (Table 14).
Ultrasonic (US) energy has revolutionized the dyeing process by introducing the
cost and energy effective tools for textile processing. The objective of this research
was to use ultrasonic waves as an eco-friendly technique to enhance the dyeing
S. Adeel et al.
on irradiated fabric but also improved the dyeing properties. It is also concluded that
US treatment has not only reduced the dyeing time, temperature but also reduced
the amount of salt and dye volume used, which is proof that this tool is cost, time
and energy effective. It is inferred that US radiation technology being eco-friendly
tools can also be successfully employed for other dyeing processes to get good color
strength using different fabrics [3].
The need for eco-friendly tools in textile processing is the major concern of
consumers and traders.
Adeel et al. [35] studied the role of ultrasonic radiation (US) on Vat dyeing by
using cellulosic fibers. They found that excellent color strength was obtained by
using un-irradiated cotton fabric with neutral dye bath by using optimum dyeing
conditions. They also found that colorfastness agencies assessed on the shade made
at optimum conditions reveal that the ultrasonic treatment have improve the grading
of colorfastness good to excellent on cotton fabric dyed using Vat Blue 4.
12 Effect of Ultrasonic Radiation (US) on Disperse Dyeing
Umar [66] studied that the role of Ultrasonic radiation on Disperse dyes by using dye
bath radiated for 30 min. has a promising effect on improving color depth onto unirradiated polyester fabric (NRP). When there is due to the ultrasonic treatment, which
produces the cavitation effect and breaks the cluster of dyes into small molecules
via mass transfer kinetics which help to make firm bonding with fabric while irradiation of polyester may not cause opening of voids to such extent due to polymeric
nature of fabric where big molecules fail to diffuse and upon finishing processes, the
unfixed dye is removed and low color strength is observed [27, 63]. He found that
US treatment to a solution (RS. 30 min.) should be given to a dye bath for achieving
good color depth onto polyester fabric (Fig. 19). The role of US treatment has been
found cleaner and more ecofriendly as irradiation of both polyester fabrics and the
solution has given good color strength. He found that the US treatment for 50 min.
irradiated polyester has given excellent results onto irradiated polyester fabric. As the
time of irradiation rises, the reactivity of the polyester fabric for dispersing dyeing
rises. This is because more US irradiation provides more cavitation which results in
the transfer of energy towards colorant clusters to break into smaller molecules that
upon, dyeing finds easy penetration into fiber. Hence US treatment to both polyester
and dye solution for 50 min. has given significant results. Good color strength was
obtained at 140 °C for 50 min displayed in (Fig. 20a, b). using a dyeing bath of pH
3 keeping material-to-liquor ratio 1:30 by using 0.5 g/100 mL dispersant (Fig. 20c,
b). Colorfastness properties of dyed fabric at optimum dyeing conditions assessed,
which found fair to good fastness agencies of due to the influence of microwave
radiation (Table 14).
Ultrasonic (US) energy has revolutionized the dyeing process by introducing the
cost and energy effective tools for textile processing. The objective of this research
was to use ultrasonic waves as an eco-friendly technique to enhance the dyeing