Role of Radiation Treatment as a Cost-Effective Tool for Cotton …
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fabric (RC, 30 min) using irradiated dye solution gives maximum K/S value. This is
due to US treatment to the greige fabric which helps to remove the dust and other
foreign particles. Thereby making viable the surface for more dye uptake ability. The
other fabric is the irradiation of dye solution, where US treatment for 30 min. helps to
decrease the particle size of dye molecules and stimulate the colorant to move toward
treated fabric [62]. The acoustic cavitation also helps to raise the diffusion coefficient
which helps to enhance K/S value [63]. The irradiation for low time does not reduce
the size while for a long time may cause hydrolytic degradation due to which low
(K/S) color strength is observed [38, 64, 65]. Hence US treatment for 30 min. is
recommended if applied on to Greige fabric followed by further pretreatment for
reactive dyeing using Reactive Red 195. The Ultrasonic treatment after desizing
for 20 min using the un-irradiated solution (NRS) gives good color strength (K/S)
value. This is due to the desizing of the fabric, where the sizing material through
conventional treatment and make it suitable for further processing [63]. After desizing
the US treatment helps to modify the surface and affect the crystalline area of the
fabric to enhance the uptake ability. Thus, using an un-irradiated dye solution, the
US treatment to desized fabric has given good color strength. The US treatment for
30 min. of bleached fabric gives a maximum K/S value by using the un-irradiated
dye solution (NRS). After bleaching the fabric surface becomes more prone to dye
sorption and upon irradiation, the surface becomes modified enough to sorb more
dye. Treatment for a high time due to continuous agitation and cavitation may weaken
the fabric to hold the dye aggregates firmly, where for low treatment time, the fabric
surface is not tuned enough to interact with dye and tightly give poor results. US
treatment for 30 min. is the optimum time for fabric after bleaching which increase
uptake of dye to a good extent. After mercerization, the irradiation for 30 min. to
fabric gives more K/S value using Reactive Red 195. This is because mercerization
not only helps to improve whiteness; orientation of fibers has also enhanced the dye
uptake ability. After mercerization, the fabric upon irradiation becomes more voids
wider to enhance the sorption of dye molecules resulting in good color depth (K/S)
[63]. So overall it is recommended that for reactive dyeing US treatment for 30 min.
after bleaching of fabric (RC) is recommended using the un-irradiated dye solution
(NRS) to get desired results. Hence it is proved that US treatment is not only a
cost-effective but also time, energy effective tool for fabric processing.
For this study show that cellulosic fabric and dye solution was irradiated with
ultrasonic (US) radiation for different times (10–60 min.). Umar [66] studied that
dyeing was performed using non-radiated and irradiated cellulosic fibers with nonradiated and irradiated Reactive Yellow 145 dye. Different dyeing parameters such
as temperature, pH, material to liquor ratio and time were optimized using irradiated
dye and irradiated cotton. After evaluation of dyed fabrics in CIE Lab system using
spectra flash SF 650, It is found that US treatment of dye solution for 20 min gives
good color strength by dyeing un-irradiated fabric at 70 °C, for 35 min using dye
bath of pH 9 in the presence of 5 g/100 mL of salt as exhausting agent keeping 40 mL
of dye volume. Colorfastness properties of fabrics dyed at the optimum condition of
various shades has shown that US treatment improved the grading of fastness from
fair to good. It is found that US irradiation had not only enhanced the strength of dye
337
fabric (RC, 30 min) using irradiated dye solution gives maximum K/S value. This is
due to US treatment to the greige fabric which helps to remove the dust and other
foreign particles. Thereby making viable the surface for more dye uptake ability. The
other fabric is the irradiation of dye solution, where US treatment for 30 min. helps to
decrease the particle size of dye molecules and stimulate the colorant to move toward
treated fabric [62]. The acoustic cavitation also helps to raise the diffusion coefficient
which helps to enhance K/S value [63]. The irradiation for low time does not reduce
the size while for a long time may cause hydrolytic degradation due to which low
(K/S) color strength is observed [38, 64, 65]. Hence US treatment for 30 min. is
recommended if applied on to Greige fabric followed by further pretreatment for
reactive dyeing using Reactive Red 195. The Ultrasonic treatment after desizing
for 20 min using the un-irradiated solution (NRS) gives good color strength (K/S)
value. This is due to the desizing of the fabric, where the sizing material through
conventional treatment and make it suitable for further processing [63]. After desizing
the US treatment helps to modify the surface and affect the crystalline area of the
fabric to enhance the uptake ability. Thus, using an un-irradiated dye solution, the
US treatment to desized fabric has given good color strength. The US treatment for
30 min. of bleached fabric gives a maximum K/S value by using the un-irradiated
dye solution (NRS). After bleaching the fabric surface becomes more prone to dye
sorption and upon irradiation, the surface becomes modified enough to sorb more
dye. Treatment for a high time due to continuous agitation and cavitation may weaken
the fabric to hold the dye aggregates firmly, where for low treatment time, the fabric
surface is not tuned enough to interact with dye and tightly give poor results. US
treatment for 30 min. is the optimum time for fabric after bleaching which increase
uptake of dye to a good extent. After mercerization, the irradiation for 30 min. to
fabric gives more K/S value using Reactive Red 195. This is because mercerization
not only helps to improve whiteness; orientation of fibers has also enhanced the dye
uptake ability. After mercerization, the fabric upon irradiation becomes more voids
wider to enhance the sorption of dye molecules resulting in good color depth (K/S)
[63]. So overall it is recommended that for reactive dyeing US treatment for 30 min.
after bleaching of fabric (RC) is recommended using the un-irradiated dye solution
(NRS) to get desired results. Hence it is proved that US treatment is not only a
cost-effective but also time, energy effective tool for fabric processing.
For this study show that cellulosic fabric and dye solution was irradiated with
ultrasonic (US) radiation for different times (10–60 min.). Umar [66] studied that
dyeing was performed using non-radiated and irradiated cellulosic fibers with nonradiated and irradiated Reactive Yellow 145 dye. Different dyeing parameters such
as temperature, pH, material to liquor ratio and time were optimized using irradiated
dye and irradiated cotton. After evaluation of dyed fabrics in CIE Lab system using
spectra flash SF 650, It is found that US treatment of dye solution for 20 min gives
good color strength by dyeing un-irradiated fabric at 70 °C, for 35 min using dye
bath of pH 9 in the presence of 5 g/100 mL of salt as exhausting agent keeping 40 mL
of dye volume. Colorfastness properties of fabrics dyed at the optimum condition of
various shades has shown that US treatment improved the grading of fastness from
fair to good. It is found that US irradiation had not only enhanced the strength of dye