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Cationization as Tool for Functionalization of Cotton
1 Textile Industry
The textile wet processing industry consumes plenty of textile auxiliaries. These
auxiliaries boost up the functional properties of the original fibre/fabric. The global
market size of textile auxiliaries was estimated to reach USD 23.62 billion in 2018 and
was projected to register a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% during the
forecast period. This significant growth is credited to high demand from the rapidly
rising apparel industry [1].
2 Cotton
The textile fibres are mainly classified as natural (animal and plant), synthetic semisynthetic and mineral fibres. The natural fibres are derived from animals (silk and
wool) and plant (cotton, jute, linen ramie, etc.) sources. The mineral fibres are developed from asbestos and glass whereas synthetic fibres are man-made which includes;
nylon, polyester and acrylics. These fibres are pre-treated before any treatments like
dyeing and finishing. All these fibres have their own importance and market share, but
even today cotton continues to occupy approximately 73% of market share due to its
extraordinary properties like strength, breathability, dimensional stability, comfort
and moisture absorption ability [2]. The cotton industry is a combination of old and
latest technologies [3]. Along with that, high exhausting dyes and functional finishes
are used in the industry which gives cotton improved aesthetic and novel functional
properties.
2.1 Cotton Fibre
2.1.1 Cotton Morphology
Cotton fibre has main four parts; cuticle, primary wall, secondary wall and lumen.
Cuticle is the outer most layer containing waxes, a mixture of fats, oils, pectin and
protein materials. Pre-treatment is carried out to remove these hydrophobic materials
and render the cotton hydrophilic. The primary wall is the original thin wall including cellulose strands where molecular chains are arranged randomly i.e. no distinct
orientation is seen. This layer also contains pectineus materials. The secondary wall
consists of many cellulose layers which constitute the main portion of the cotton fibre.
Lumen is the hollow canal responsible for the length of the fibre covered by lumen
wall. It contains colouring matter and other impurities which are responsible for the
characteristic colour of grey cotton. Pre-treatment, mainly bleaching, decolourizes
these natural pigments to get a visible and uniform whiteness. These fibres are flat
Cationization as Tool for Functionalization of Cotton
1 Textile Industry
The textile wet processing industry consumes plenty of textile auxiliaries. These
auxiliaries boost up the functional properties of the original fibre/fabric. The global
market size of textile auxiliaries was estimated to reach USD 23.62 billion in 2018 and
was projected to register a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% during the
forecast period. This significant growth is credited to high demand from the rapidly
rising apparel industry [1].
2 Cotton
The textile fibres are mainly classified as natural (animal and plant), synthetic semisynthetic and mineral fibres. The natural fibres are derived from animals (silk and
wool) and plant (cotton, jute, linen ramie, etc.) sources. The mineral fibres are developed from asbestos and glass whereas synthetic fibres are man-made which includes;
nylon, polyester and acrylics. These fibres are pre-treated before any treatments like
dyeing and finishing. All these fibres have their own importance and market share, but
even today cotton continues to occupy approximately 73% of market share due to its
extraordinary properties like strength, breathability, dimensional stability, comfort
and moisture absorption ability [2]. The cotton industry is a combination of old and
latest technologies [3]. Along with that, high exhausting dyes and functional finishes
are used in the industry which gives cotton improved aesthetic and novel functional
properties.
2.1 Cotton Fibre
2.1.1 Cotton Morphology
Cotton fibre has main four parts; cuticle, primary wall, secondary wall and lumen.
Cuticle is the outer most layer containing waxes, a mixture of fats, oils, pectin and
protein materials. Pre-treatment is carried out to remove these hydrophobic materials
and render the cotton hydrophilic. The primary wall is the original thin wall including cellulose strands where molecular chains are arranged randomly i.e. no distinct
orientation is seen. This layer also contains pectineus materials. The secondary wall
consists of many cellulose layers which constitute the main portion of the cotton fibre.
Lumen is the hollow canal responsible for the length of the fibre covered by lumen
wall. It contains colouring matter and other impurities which are responsible for the
characteristic colour of grey cotton. Pre-treatment, mainly bleaching, decolourizes
these natural pigments to get a visible and uniform whiteness. These fibres are flat