186
P. Madiwale et al.
infection and control bleeding are also crucial for designing an effective tissue adhesive. Crucial factors of adhesion and cohesion accompanied by intimate contact with
wound site is favoured as a tissue adhesive [62].
Natural Polymers
The polymeric materials that may consist various substances but prominently feature
proteins and polysaccharides are called “Natural bio-adhesives”. The functionality
of a bio-adhesive can be enhanced by introducing actives such as steroids, antiinflammatory agents, pH sensitive peptides and small proteins such as insulin and
local treatments to alleviate pain [62].
(A) Protein based polymers: collagen, albumin, gelatin
(B) Polysaccharides: alginates, cyclodextrines, agarose, hyaluronic acid, starch,
chitosan, dextran cellulose
Synthetic Polymers
(A) Polyesters: Polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, poly-doxanones, polyglycolic
acid, polyhydroxyl butyrate
(B) Polyanhydride: Polysebacic acid, polyadipic acid, polyester phthalic acid and
various copolymers
(C) Polyamides: Poly-imino carbonates, poly amino acids.
(D) Phosphorous based polymers: Polyphosphates, polyphosphazenes, polyphosphonates [62].
Replacement of suture by tissue adhesive is a new approach which is highly
recommended. Research with epoxy resins, acrylics and polyurethanes, to design an
adhesive that would allow prompt and strong bonding have not proved useful because
of inadequate bonding strength and poor biocompatibility. However, biological tissue
adhesives should be used with caution in since they inhibit new tissue formation,
cause a foreign body reaction, and may impede fracture healing [63].
7.2 Textile Scaffolds for Skin Recovery and Replacements
The purpose of skin tissue engineering is to develop the skin in vitro or in vivo preserving its all constituents’ spatial and functions along with its cosmetic properties.
Burning is a serious public health issue globally. As per World health organization
reports 195,000 deaths occur each year because of fire alone with more deaths from
electrical burns, scalds, and other forms of burns. The deaths related to fire ranks
among top 15 causes among children and young adults aged 5–29 years. Millions are
left with lifelong disabilities and disfigurements resulting stigma and rejection. Thus
P. Madiwale et al.
infection and control bleeding are also crucial for designing an effective tissue adhesive. Crucial factors of adhesion and cohesion accompanied by intimate contact with
wound site is favoured as a tissue adhesive [62].
Natural Polymers
The polymeric materials that may consist various substances but prominently feature
proteins and polysaccharides are called “Natural bio-adhesives”. The functionality
of a bio-adhesive can be enhanced by introducing actives such as steroids, antiinflammatory agents, pH sensitive peptides and small proteins such as insulin and
local treatments to alleviate pain [62].
(A) Protein based polymers: collagen, albumin, gelatin
(B) Polysaccharides: alginates, cyclodextrines, agarose, hyaluronic acid, starch,
chitosan, dextran cellulose
Synthetic Polymers
(A) Polyesters: Polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, poly-doxanones, polyglycolic
acid, polyhydroxyl butyrate
(B) Polyanhydride: Polysebacic acid, polyadipic acid, polyester phthalic acid and
various copolymers
(C) Polyamides: Poly-imino carbonates, poly amino acids.
(D) Phosphorous based polymers: Polyphosphates, polyphosphazenes, polyphosphonates [62].
Replacement of suture by tissue adhesive is a new approach which is highly
recommended. Research with epoxy resins, acrylics and polyurethanes, to design an
adhesive that would allow prompt and strong bonding have not proved useful because
of inadequate bonding strength and poor biocompatibility. However, biological tissue
adhesives should be used with caution in since they inhibit new tissue formation,
cause a foreign body reaction, and may impede fracture healing [63].
7.2 Textile Scaffolds for Skin Recovery and Replacements
The purpose of skin tissue engineering is to develop the skin in vitro or in vivo preserving its all constituents’ spatial and functions along with its cosmetic properties.
Burning is a serious public health issue globally. As per World health organization
reports 195,000 deaths occur each year because of fire alone with more deaths from
electrical burns, scalds, and other forms of burns. The deaths related to fire ranks
among top 15 causes among children and young adults aged 5–29 years. Millions are
left with lifelong disabilities and disfigurements resulting stigma and rejection. Thus