94
S. Adeel et al.
between mechanical agitation and cellulase activity is vital for pill removing without
any strength loss to get valuable fuzz fiber [72]. Enzymatic softening or bio-polishing
of fabric lasts over several washes [73].
3.1.7 Bio-mercerizing
The next step to improve dye affinity, luster and strength of the fabric is mercerizing
which involves conventional process i.e., treatment with NaOH [74]. It is not a fiber
purification process, but it does induce desirable changes in cotton yarn and fabric
properties [75]. Mercerization is a well-established finishing process for cotton which
affects its fine structure, morphology, mechanical properties and reactivity [76]. This
step is usually performed after bleaching on gray cloth [77]. For bio-mercerizing
few enzymes like proteases, lipases, pectinases, and cellulases have been reported
for mercerizing process yet detailed studies are needed [78].
3.1.8 Bio-dyeing
Enzymes are continuously used since the last decade for bio-preparation of silk,
leather, wool and cotton fabric [79]. Diastasis, lipases proteases, and amylase, all
four enzymes in the conjugation of tannic acid enhance the dye-ability [80]. Diastasis
with natural colorant like Punicagranatum (pomegranate), lipase with Rheum emodi
(red wined pie plant), amylase and proteases with Terminalia arjuna (Arjun tree)
produced best colorimetric picture regarding dyeing [81]. Markedly, two well-known
textiles Sir Naturals and Jet Hosiery have established a sonicator for dyeing cotton
and silk naturally on the industrial level [2].
3.1.9 Bio-color Stripping
Destructive stripping, back stripping or color stripping is a dye removal process.
Enzymes belong to oxidoreductases like lignin peroxidase, laccases, manganese peroxidase perform color stripping using mechanisms of decolorization, bioremediation,
mineralization or degradation [82–85] Color stripping potential of different microbial strains with non-specific nature of enzymes has also been investigated [86].
Indigenously isolated species of white-rot fungi i.e., Ganoderma lucidum exhibited
an excellent color stripping potential reactive black dyed cotton fabric [87]. Although
bio-stripping is eco-friendly with better results than chemical color stripping yet biostripping required larger time [88]. Limitation of time can be overcome by the use
of different biotechnological tools.
S. Adeel et al.
between mechanical agitation and cellulase activity is vital for pill removing without
any strength loss to get valuable fuzz fiber [72]. Enzymatic softening or bio-polishing
of fabric lasts over several washes [73].
3.1.7 Bio-mercerizing
The next step to improve dye affinity, luster and strength of the fabric is mercerizing
which involves conventional process i.e., treatment with NaOH [74]. It is not a fiber
purification process, but it does induce desirable changes in cotton yarn and fabric
properties [75]. Mercerization is a well-established finishing process for cotton which
affects its fine structure, morphology, mechanical properties and reactivity [76]. This
step is usually performed after bleaching on gray cloth [77]. For bio-mercerizing
few enzymes like proteases, lipases, pectinases, and cellulases have been reported
for mercerizing process yet detailed studies are needed [78].
3.1.8 Bio-dyeing
Enzymes are continuously used since the last decade for bio-preparation of silk,
leather, wool and cotton fabric [79]. Diastasis, lipases proteases, and amylase, all
four enzymes in the conjugation of tannic acid enhance the dye-ability [80]. Diastasis
with natural colorant like Punicagranatum (pomegranate), lipase with Rheum emodi
(red wined pie plant), amylase and proteases with Terminalia arjuna (Arjun tree)
produced best colorimetric picture regarding dyeing [81]. Markedly, two well-known
textiles Sir Naturals and Jet Hosiery have established a sonicator for dyeing cotton
and silk naturally on the industrial level [2].
3.1.9 Bio-color Stripping
Destructive stripping, back stripping or color stripping is a dye removal process.
Enzymes belong to oxidoreductases like lignin peroxidase, laccases, manganese peroxidase perform color stripping using mechanisms of decolorization, bioremediation,
mineralization or degradation [82–85] Color stripping potential of different microbial strains with non-specific nature of enzymes has also been investigated [86].
Indigenously isolated species of white-rot fungi i.e., Ganoderma lucidum exhibited
an excellent color stripping potential reactive black dyed cotton fabric [87]. Although
bio-stripping is eco-friendly with better results than chemical color stripping yet biostripping required larger time [88]. Limitation of time can be overcome by the use
of different biotechnological tools.