56
3 Principle and Practice of Three-Dimensional Transmission …
Here, α max is the maximum of the tilt angle. The ratio dz/dy is known as the
elongation factor, and it is larger than unity. It shows the elongated ratio of the
reconstructed image along z-axis.
Furthermore, 3D-TEM can be connected with the other relevant instruments for
the dual measurement. For example, Jinnai et al. [24] reported that dispersions of
carbon black and silica mixed in natural rubber were observed in a 3D image, and
the two were quantified by using a combination of 3D-TEM and electron energyloss spectroscopy (EELS). They also claimed that the 3D images were conveniently
utilized for FEM (finite element method) analysis. To use both carbon black and
silica in top tread rubber of tires is a recent trend (see Fig. 6.1 in Sect. 6.1) for a
higher performance tire [25, 26], and hence such a dual detecting use would be of
value more and more.
References
1. M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 5th edn. (Pergamon, Oxford, 1975)
2. M. Tsuji, S. Kohjiya, Program. Polym. Sci. 20, 259 (1995)
3. A. Saito, KENBIKYO 60, 150 (2015) (in Japanese)
4. N. Tanaka, J. Cryst. Soc. Jpn. 47, 20 (2005) (in Japanese)
5. O. Scherzer, J. Appl. Phys. 20, 20 (1949)
6. L. Reimer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, 4th edn. (Springer, Berlin, 1997)
7. T.C. Gruber, T.W. Zerda, Rubber Chem. Technol. 67, 280 (1994)
8. S. Kohjiya, A. Kato, Y. Ikeda, Program. Polym. Sci. 33, 979 (2008).
9. G.E. Paalade, J. Exp. Med. 95, 285 (1952)
10. K. Kato, Polym. Eng. Sci. 7, 38 (1967)
11. J.S. Trent, J.I. Scheinbein, P.R. Couchanan, Macromolecules 16, 589 (1983)
12. J.S. Trent, Macromolecules 17, 2930 (1984)
13. M. Tsuji, M. Fujita, S. Kohjiya, Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 25, 193 (1997) (in Japanese)
14. J. Frank (ed.), Electron Tomography: Three-Dimensional Imaging with the Transmission
Electron Microscope (Plenum Press, New York, 1992)
15. J.R. Kremer, D.N. Mastronarde, J.R. McIntosh, J. Struct. Biol. 116, 71 (1996)
16. K. Jinnai, Hyoumen Kagaku 28, 467 (2007) (in Japanese)
17. The IMOD Homepage, https://bio3D.colorado.edu/imod/
18. D. Stalling, M. Westerhoff, H.-C. Hege, Amira: a highly interactive system for visual data analysis, in The Visualization Handbook, Chap. 38, ed. by C.D. Hansen, C.R. Johnson (Academic
Press, San Diego, 2005)
19. S. Kohjiya, A. Kato, T. Suda, J. Shimanuki, Y. Ikeda, Polymer 47, 3298 (2006)
20. N. Kawase, M. Kato, H. Nishioka, H. Jinnai, Ultramicroscopy 107, 8 (2007)
21. K. Kaneko, N. Baba, K. Jinnai, KENBIKYO 45, 109 (2010) (in Japanese)
22. R.A. Crowther, D.J. DeRosier, A. Klug, Proc. R. Soc. London 317, 319 (1970)
23. M. Radenmacher, J. Electron Microsc. Tech. 9, 359 (1988)
24. H. Jinnai, Y. Shinbori, T. Kitaoka, K. Akutagawa, N. Mashita, T. Nishi, Macromolecules 40,
6758 (2007)
25. M. Matsuura, Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 71, 583 (1998) (in Japanese)
26. Y. Ikeda, A. Kato, S. Kohjiya, Y. Nakajima, Rubber Science: A Modern Approach (Springer,
Singapore, 2017), pp. 179–181
3 Principle and Practice of Three-Dimensional Transmission …
Here, α max is the maximum of the tilt angle. The ratio dz/dy is known as the
elongation factor, and it is larger than unity. It shows the elongated ratio of the
reconstructed image along z-axis.
Furthermore, 3D-TEM can be connected with the other relevant instruments for
the dual measurement. For example, Jinnai et al. [24] reported that dispersions of
carbon black and silica mixed in natural rubber were observed in a 3D image, and
the two were quantified by using a combination of 3D-TEM and electron energyloss spectroscopy (EELS). They also claimed that the 3D images were conveniently
utilized for FEM (finite element method) analysis. To use both carbon black and
silica in top tread rubber of tires is a recent trend (see Fig. 6.1 in Sect. 6.1) for a
higher performance tire [25, 26], and hence such a dual detecting use would be of
value more and more.
References
1. M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 5th edn. (Pergamon, Oxford, 1975)
2. M. Tsuji, S. Kohjiya, Program. Polym. Sci. 20, 259 (1995)
3. A. Saito, KENBIKYO 60, 150 (2015) (in Japanese)
4. N. Tanaka, J. Cryst. Soc. Jpn. 47, 20 (2005) (in Japanese)
5. O. Scherzer, J. Appl. Phys. 20, 20 (1949)
6. L. Reimer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, 4th edn. (Springer, Berlin, 1997)
7. T.C. Gruber, T.W. Zerda, Rubber Chem. Technol. 67, 280 (1994)
8. S. Kohjiya, A. Kato, Y. Ikeda, Program. Polym. Sci. 33, 979 (2008).
9. G.E. Paalade, J. Exp. Med. 95, 285 (1952)
10. K. Kato, Polym. Eng. Sci. 7, 38 (1967)
11. J.S. Trent, J.I. Scheinbein, P.R. Couchanan, Macromolecules 16, 589 (1983)
12. J.S. Trent, Macromolecules 17, 2930 (1984)
13. M. Tsuji, M. Fujita, S. Kohjiya, Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 25, 193 (1997) (in Japanese)
14. J. Frank (ed.), Electron Tomography: Three-Dimensional Imaging with the Transmission
Electron Microscope (Plenum Press, New York, 1992)
15. J.R. Kremer, D.N. Mastronarde, J.R. McIntosh, J. Struct. Biol. 116, 71 (1996)
16. K. Jinnai, Hyoumen Kagaku 28, 467 (2007) (in Japanese)
17. The IMOD Homepage, https://bio3D.colorado.edu/imod/
18. D. Stalling, M. Westerhoff, H.-C. Hege, Amira: a highly interactive system for visual data analysis, in The Visualization Handbook, Chap. 38, ed. by C.D. Hansen, C.R. Johnson (Academic
Press, San Diego, 2005)
19. S. Kohjiya, A. Kato, T. Suda, J. Shimanuki, Y. Ikeda, Polymer 47, 3298 (2006)
20. N. Kawase, M. Kato, H. Nishioka, H. Jinnai, Ultramicroscopy 107, 8 (2007)
21. K. Kaneko, N. Baba, K. Jinnai, KENBIKYO 45, 109 (2010) (in Japanese)
22. R.A. Crowther, D.J. DeRosier, A. Klug, Proc. R. Soc. London 317, 319 (1970)
23. M. Radenmacher, J. Electron Microsc. Tech. 9, 359 (1988)
24. H. Jinnai, Y. Shinbori, T. Kitaoka, K. Akutagawa, N. Mashita, T. Nishi, Macromolecules 40,
6758 (2007)
25. M. Matsuura, Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 71, 583 (1998) (in Japanese)
26. Y. Ikeda, A. Kato, S. Kohjiya, Y. Nakajima, Rubber Science: A Modern Approach (Springer,
Singapore, 2017), pp. 179–181